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961.
The phenomenon of reflection and transmission of plane harmonic waves at the plane interface between two dissimilar poroelastic solids saturated with two immiscible viscous fluids is investigated. Both porous media are considered dissipative due to the presence of viscosity in pore‐fluids. Four attenuated (three dilatational and one shear) waves propagate in such a dissipative porous medium. A finite non‐dimensional parameter is used to define the effective connections between the surface‐pores of two media at their common interface. Another finite parameter represents the gas‐share in the saturation of pores. An attenuated wave in a dissipative medium is described through the specification of directions of propagation and maximum attenuation. A general representation of an attenuated wave is defined through its inhomogeneous propagation, i.e., different directions for propagation and attenuation. Incidence of an inhomogeneous wave is considered at the interface between two dissipative porous solids. This results in four reflected and four transmitted inhomogeneous waves. Expressions are derived for the partition of incident energy among the reflected and transmitted waves. Numerical examples are studied to determine the effects of saturating pore fluid, frequency, surface‐pore connections and wave inhomogeneity on the strengths of reflected and transmitted waves. Interaction energy due to the interference of different (inhomogeneous) waves is calculated in both the dissipative porous media to verify the conservation of incident energy. 相似文献
962.
Abstract The use of a physically-based hydrological model for streamflow forecasting is limited by the complexity in the model structure and the data requirements for model calibration. The calibration of such models is a difficult task, and running a complex model for a single simulation can take up to several days, depending on the simulation period and model complexity. The information contained in a time series is not uniformly distributed. Therefore, if we can find the critical events that are important for identification of model parameters, we can facilitate the calibration process. The aim of this study is to test the applicability of the Identification of Critical Events (ICE) algorithm for physically-based models and to test whether ICE algorithm-based calibration depends on any optimization algorithm. The ICE algorithm, which uses the data depth function, was used herein to identify the critical events from a time series. Low depth in multivariate data is an unusual combination and this concept was used to identify the critical events on which the model was then calibrated. The concept is demonstrated by applying the physically-based hydrological model WaSiM-ETH on the Rems catchment, Germany. The model was calibrated on the whole available data, and on critical events selected by the ICE algorithm. In both calibration cases, three different optimization algorithms, shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA), parameter estimation (PEST) and robust parameter estimation (ROPE), were used. It was found that, for all the optimization algorithms, calibration using only critical events gave very similar performance to that using the whole time series. Hence, the ICE algorithm-based calibration is suitable for physically-based models; it does not depend much on the kind of optimization algorithm. These findings may be useful for calibrating physically-based models on much fewer data. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Montanari Citation Singh, S.K., Liang, J.Y., and Bárdossy, A., 2012. Improving calibration strategy of physically-based model WaSiM-ETH using critical events. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (8), 1487–1505. 相似文献
963.
Topo-stress based probabilistic model for shallow landslide susceptibility zonation in the Nepal Himalaya 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ranjan Kumar Dahal Netra Prakash Bhandary Shuichi Hasegawa Ryuichi Yatabe 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(9):3879-3892
While dealing with slope stability issues, determining the state of stress and the relation between driving force and resisting force are the fundamental deterministic steps. Gravitational stresses affect geologic processes and engineering operations in slopes. Considering this fact, a concept of topo-stress evaluation is developed in this research and used to produce a shallow landslide susceptibility map in a model area. The topo-stress introduced in this research refers to the shear stress induced by the gravitational forces on the planes parallel to the ground surface. Weight of the material on a slope and friction angle of the jointed rock mass are the two fundamental parameters that are considered to govern topo-stress in this study. Considering topo-stress as a main factor for initiating shallow landslides, a GIS-based probabilistic model is developed for shallow landslide susceptibility zonation. An ideal terrain in central Nepal is selected as the study area for this purpose. Two event-based shallow landslide inventories are used to predict accuracy of the model, which is found to be more than 78 % for the first event-landslides and more than 76 % for the second event-landslides. It is evident from these prediction rates that the probabilistic topo-stress model proposed in this work is quite acceptable when regional scale shallow landslide susceptibility mapping is practiced, such as in the Himalayan rocky slopes. 相似文献
964.
Anshumali Manisha Rani Sanjay Kumar Yadav Ashish Kumar 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(7):3181-3193
Major ions showed high concentrations, ionic strength and chemical activity in the surface waters of Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar reservoir. Various geochemical ratios showed the dominance of silicate over carbonate weathering and major ions such as Na+ + K+ account for about 52 % of the cation budget. The high Na+ and K+ showed sedimentation of rock/coal particles consisting of highly weathered silicate minerals contributed by the discharge of mine water, fly ash mixing during transportation, etc. Further, Ca2+ + Mg2+/Na+ + K+ ratio was <1 (0.92) indicating the occurrence of silicate weathering in the reservoir catchment. The comparative assessment showed that the proportion of Ca2+ + Mg2+/Na+ + K+ tends to be lower along the coal mining belts compared to non-coal mining regions in the world. The Ca2+/SO4 2? ratio <1 revealed not only H2CO3 but H2SO4 also acting as a source of protons for rock weathering. The cause underlying these differences can be related directly to geological substrate and anthropogenic activities. 相似文献
965.
S. P. Rai P. Purushothaman B. Kumar Noble Jacob Y. S. Rawat 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(11):4835-4847
River Ganges one of important rivers in the northern part of India receives water from two of its tributaries, Alaknanda and Bhagirathi. In this present study, we have tried to characterise the precipitation in the Bhagirathi River Basin. The study shows that isotopic composition of precipitation shows depleted nature during monsoon period due to moisture source from the oceanic region and from African region of Indian Ocean and enriched isotopic composition during non-monsoon period due to moisture source from westerlies and local evaporation. The study also shows that temperature and amount show expected positive and negative relationship with individual locations. A positive relationship is exhibited by amount for the entire region due to depleted isotopic composition with increase in altitude. The altitude effect shows that there is a depletion of up to ?0.24 to ?0.29 ‰ of isotopic composition with an increase in 100 m of elevation. 相似文献
966.
Most of the arid and semi-arid zones of the Indian subcontinent experience serious health problems due to high concentration of fluoride in drinking water. The Vellore District of Tamil Nadu suffers from high concentration of fluoride in water. However, most of the past studies in this region focused on tannery-related pollution and not on fluoride contamination. The present study attempts to identify the factors influencing the origin and spatial distribution of fluoride in the district. From the observed hydrochemical results of 68 well samples in the context of water level, well depth and hydrochemical parameters, F? concentration showed increasing trend in the presence of Na+ and HCO3 ?. This is due to the alkaline nature of groundwater that favors the dissolution of F?-rich minerals. The occurrence of high fluoride in Na–HCO3 type of water confirmed this hypothesis. However, Ca2+ showed an insignificant correlation with F?. The high Na/Ca ratio (>1) in 73 % of the samples and the result of Na/Na+Cl plot suggest the occurrence of cation exchange in the study area. The major source of F? was identified as products of the weathering and the dissolution of fluorites, amphiboles and micas present in the geological formations in the study area. The positive relationship between NO3 ? and F? in few wells located in agricultural fields suggest possible source of F? from the application of fertilizers. More than 25 % of the samples had higher values of fluoride than the permissible limit of drinking water according to Indian standards. Spatial distribution of fluoride showed a higher concentration in the southwest part of the study area, namely, Thirupathur and Vaniyambadi. This study shows that contamination was high in certain parts of Vellore District and the quality of water must be maintained by resorting to appropriate treatment and management strategies. 相似文献
967.
968.
An earthquake of magnitude 6.9 (M w) occurred in the Sikkim region of India on September 18, 2011. This earthquake is recorded on strong-motion network in Uttarakhand Himalaya located about 900 km away from the epicenter of this earthquake. In this paper acceleration record from six far-field stations has been used to compute the source parameters of this earthquake. The acceleration spectra of ground motion at these far-field stations are strongly affected by both local site effects and near-site anelastic attenuation. In the present work the spectrum of S-phase recorded at these far-field stations has been corrected for anelastic attenuation at both source and site and the site amplification terms. Site amplifications at different stations and near-site shear wave attenuation factor have been computed by the technique of inversion of acceleration spectra given by Joshi et al. (Pure Appl Geophys 169:1821–1845, 2012a). For estimation of site amplification and shear wave quality factor [Q β (f)] at the recording sites, ten local events recorded at various stations between July 2011 and December 2011 have been used. The obtained source spectrum from acceleration records is compared with the theoretical source spectrum defined by Brune (J Geophys Res 76:5002, 1970) at each station for both horizontal components of the records. Iterative forward modeling of theoretical source spectrum gives the average estimate of seismic moment (M o), source radius (r o) and stress drop (Δσ) as (3.2 ± 0.8) × 1026 dyne cm, 13.3 ± 0.8 km and 59.2 ± 8.8 bars, respectively, for the Sikkim earthquake of September 18, 2011. 相似文献
969.
C. P. Simha G. Pavan Kumar P. Mahesh A. Navaneeth K. M. Rao B. K. Rastogi V. N. Sridhar A. K. Shukla 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(1):935-940
The present study purports the analysis of total electron content (TEC, which is one of the major ionosphere anomalies during the earthquake), sea surface temperature (SST) and outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) during the earthquake event recorded on 10 March 2013 (M = 6.5). Global assimilative ionosphere modelled output TEC values have been used for this present study; the clear signature of TEC during the recorded earthquake has been noticed (i.e. increase in TEC 60–70 TECU during the event). The correlation between the magnitude and location of earthquake with TEC is around 0.9, and the least correlation between SST and OLR is due to concerned atmospheric effects; we tried to study the variations of SST and OLR prior during and after the event from Kalpana satellite image products archived by IMD. 相似文献
970.
Hydrodynamic flow modeling is carried out using a coupled 1D and 2D hydrodynamic flow model in northern India where an industrial plant is proposed. Two flooding scenarios, one considering the flooding source at regional/catchment level and another considering all flooding sources at local level have been simulated. For simulating flooding scenario due to flooding of the upstream catchment, the probable maximum flood (PMF) in the main river is routed and its flooding impact at the plant site is studied, while at the local level flooding, in addition to PMF in the main river, the probable maximum precipitation at the plant site and breaches in the canals near the plant site have been considered. The flood extent, depth, level, duration and maximum flow velocity have been computed. Three parameters namely the flood depth, cross product of flood depth and velocity and flood duration have been used for assessing the flood hazard, and a flood hazard classification scheme has been proposed. Flood hazard assessment for flooding due to upstream catchment and study on local scale facilitates determination of plinth level for the plant site and helps in identifying the flood protection measures. 相似文献