荒漠植物生活史对策研究进展与展望

植物种群生活史是指植物种群从种子萌发到种子形成所经历的全部过程,它包括植物种群生活周期各个阶段(繁殖、种子、补充与生长)的生活史特征以及与同一生境内其他生物之间和环境的相互作用。而生活史对策是生物在长期的自然选择下形成的、以各种生活史特征表现出来的适应对策,即由自然选择塑造的生物体外形和习性。本文综述了国内外植物生活史对策的研究历史、进展和生活史对策的研究内容以及生活史对策理论在荒漠植物研究中的应用。指出生活史研究仍存在不足首先是研究内容上,资源分配在多年生植物中的权衡仍未被有力证明,邻体效应与繁殖分配的关系在个体水平上仍不明了,多年生植物在不同邻体效应和生境下将采取何种繁殖对策目前尚无明确的结论;繁殖分配与性分配之间的关系,引起花序结构上资源分配差异的原因,各种繁殖对策中繁殖分配异同与维持机制等问题仍有待于进一步的研究;种子大小的变异机制以及生物学意义仍未得到令人满意的答复,更需分子水平上的研究来解释其机理。在群落水平上种子大小与萌发能力的关系不明确,萌发过程的时间扩散方式报道甚少。因此,这些方面的研究工作急待加强。     

Characterization of proteins in the muscle of<Emphasis Type="Italic">limanda yokohamae</Emphasis> from the masan bay,Korea

Increasing industrial development in the Masan Bay area of Korea over the past decades increased the risk for the survival of marine organisms in the bay area by the deterioration of the water quality. Since living organisms have the ability to adapt contamination-associated stimuli by the alteration of gene expression, changes in proteins can be used as an important criterion for assessing the levels of environmental conditions. In this study, therefore, alterations of the expression of proteins in the muscle ofLimanda yokohamae from Dukdong and Dotsum in the bay area were surveyed and characterized as compared with Haegumgang, which served as a control site. The results demonstrated that the twenty spots detected from Dukdong and Dotsum were similar to each other. Fifteen proteins were found to be predicted or undefined proteins, while five proteins were identified as heavy polypeptide 11 of myosin, apolipoprotein A-I, fibroblast growth factor 17b precursor, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 b and bonnie and clyde. These data suggest that local fish in the bay area have dysfunction in muscle physiology including contraction, lipid metabolism, proliferation and differentiation and nervous system.     

Exploring urban commuting imbalance by jobs and gender

Previous findings support that distance matters for job access. Typically, long distances act negatively on job access either due to the lack of information about the opportunities or the cost (time, transportation, etc.). Disparities in job access are explained with the workers’ demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and their spatial condition. Nevertheless, job access was not fully explored in multi-dimensional ways because of data and computational limitations. Recently, the wealth of commuting data, combined with the growing capacity of computation and methodological development, enables us to examine more commuting pattern details than what existing data provide at an aggregate level. This study uses a disaggregate journey-to-work model on 2000 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) commuting data to investigate access to job by gender and occupation, in a more localized context. To explore this varying degree of job access and associated explanation, we analyzed disaggregate commuting flows and ran a regression model on them. This study has three main objectives: (1) to disaggregate journey-to-work flows by gender and occupation to estimate the number of commute trips between census tracts, (2) to explore the variations in job access by gender and occupation, and (3) to draw relationships between job access and various worker’s situations. The results show the details of commuting patterns, suggesting that some occupations have more gender imbalance than others. Further, the findings indicate that the same demographic, socioeconomic and spatial conditions have different effects on workers, and the effect is related to the workers’ demographic-socioeconomic status in complex ways. Unlike conventional research in which a particular worker group is compared to a control group of opposite characteristics, our methodology makes it possible to examine an overview of all the job and gender groups, providing advantages in 2-way comparisons between gender and occupation groups beyond a conventional comparison between two groups. Therefore, our study adds an additional dimension to the conventional comparison.     

基于经验模态分解的曲波阈值去噪方法

针对曲波阈值去噪方法阈值选取单一造成的有效信号损失或随机噪声压制不完全的问题,笔者提出了一种基于经验模态分解的曲波阈值去噪方法。该方法首先对带噪信号进行经验模态分解得到一系列固有模态函数,根据每个固有模态函数所含噪声强弱的不同,选取不同的阈值分别对分解得到的含噪固有模态函数进行曲波阈值降噪处理;最后将去噪后的固有模态函数与不含噪声的固有模态函数进行信号重构得到最终压噪的结果。由于引入经验模态分解,对分解得到的不同含噪程度的固有模态函数,选取不同的阈值进行处理,这样能够有效减小直接曲波阈值方法阈值选取单一产生的问题。模型和实际数据试算表明,该方法在提高数据信噪比的同时,能够有效地保留有效信号,是一种相对保幅的去噪方法。     

Detecting areal changes in tidal flats after sea dike construction using Landsat-TM images

The main objective of this study was to estimate changes in the area of tidal flats that occurred after sea dike construction on the western coast of South Korea using Landsat-TM images. Applying the ISODATA method of unsupervised classification for Landsat-TM images, the tidal flats were identified, and the resulting areas were quantified for each image. The area of tidal flats from a topographic map published in one year differs significantly from that shown in another, which appears to be attributable to the tide levels at the time of aerial photography. During the study period, the area of tidal flats, as estimated from Landsat-TM images, increased by 4.57 km² per year in the study areas. The tidal flats in the inner sea of Chunsu Harbor area increased by 200 m² per zone, while the accumulation for a number of inner sea areas within Asan Harbor area occurred at over 50m² per zone. The results of this research may serve as the basis of an environmentallyfriendly development plan for tidal flats.     

Changes in topography and surface sediments by the Saemangeum dyke in an estuarine complex,west coast of Korea

The effects of a giant offshore dyke, Saemangeum, have been of special interest on both scientific and environmental aspects. Without any rival worldwide with regard to the ample scale and estuarine setting, the Saemangeum dyke and its vicinity (Saemangeum Area) should be an unprecedented experimental site for monitoring the consequence of the estuarine developments with dykes. In order to unravel geologic changes caused by the Saemangeum dyke, we collected a number of surface sediment samples and bathymetric profiles from a full coverage of the Saemangeum Area, and compared topography and sediment phase on the inter-annual (2002–2006, post-construction) and decadal (1982–2002, between pre- and post-construction) timescales.     

一种深层地温的推算方法

根据热传导方程,利用差分方法计算导温系数,并用逐层下移温度初始场技术来推算深层各月平均地温,并通过计算个例加以对比分析。结果表明,该方法简单实用,计算精度有较大提高,效果令人满意。     

北京海淀地区大气边界层的数值模拟研究

采用北京大学的三维复杂地形中尺度数值模式,利用Landsat-TM卫星影像图得到的地表状况计算陆气之间的能量平衡过程,模拟了北京海淀地区大气边界层的风、温场结构以及污染物浓度分布,进而模拟了由于汽车尾气的排放而转化成的气溶胶的浓度分布.模拟表明城郊之间存在热岛效应,边界层风场受到热岛的热力作用以及地形的动力作用影响.污染物及气溶胶浓度也存在城乡差别,最大浓度出现在城区的下风方向.     

Winter AO/NAO modifies summer ocean heat content and monsoonal circulation over the western Indian Ocean

This paper analyzes the possible influence of boreal winter Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/ NAO) on the Indian Ocean upper ocean heat content in summer as well as the summer monsoonal circulation. The strong interannual co-variation between winter 1000-hPa geopotential height in the Northern Hemisphere and summer ocean heat content in the uppermost 120 m over the tropical Indian Ocean was investigated by a singular decomposition analysis for the period 1979–2014. The second paired-modes explain 23.8% of the squared covariance, and reveal an AO/NAO pattern over the North Atlantic and a warming upper ocean in the western tropical Indian Ocean. The positive upper ocean heat content enhances evaporation and convection, and results in an anomalous meridional circulation with ascending motion over 5°S–5°N and descending over 15°–25°N. Correspondingly, in the lower troposphere, significantly anomalous northerly winds appear over the western Indian Ocean north of the equator, implying a weaker summer monsoon circulation. The off-equator oceanic Rossby wave plays a key role in linking the AO/NAO and the summer heat content anomalies. In boreal winter, a positive AO/NAO triggers a down-welling Rossby wave in the central tropical Indian Ocean through the atmospheric teleconnection. As the Rossby wave arrives in the western Indian Ocean in summer, it results in anomalous upper ocean heating near the equator mainly through the meridional advection. The AO/NAO-forced Rossby wave and the resultant upper ocean warming are well reproduced by an ocean circulation model. The winter AO/NAO could be a potential season-lead driver of the summer atmospheric circulation over the northwestern Indian Ocean.     

Ar-Ar等时线的局限及Cl-Ar等时线的潜力

矿物中普遍含有数量不等的过剩40Are，它主要赋存在阴离子空缺部位和流体包裹体中。常规Ar-Ar等时线不完全适用于40Ar/39Ar阶段加热数据。矿物和人造硅胶中40Are和Cl的相关性，预示着Cl-Ar等时线对校正40Are具有较大潜力。