At present, Western Sahara is politically one of the most sensitive areas of the World. Its economic development could be achieved through the exploitation of mineral resources that can be found in the almost unexplored area administrated by the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. In this paper, we describe applications of known and cost-effective remote sensing techniques to detect and map areas containing mineral deposits, through the enhancement of Landsat ETM+ imageries. Several image processing techniques (false color composite, band ratioing, and principal component analysis) were used to highlight the presence of iron deposits. Two test areas were selected, one in Western Sahara and another one in Algeria. The occurrence of iron deposits in these test areas was assured using literature data for the Algerian test site and through a field campaign for the Western Sahara. There is good agreement between the ground truth data and the results obtained by the enhancements of the satellite images. Landsat images can be downloaded free of charge and their enhancements does not need expensive hardware or software tools. Therefore this technology could be transferred to the Saharawi technicians, enabling them to explore and manage the mineral resources of their own country independently. 相似文献
Ischia is an active volcanic island in the Gulf of Naples whose history has been dominated by a caldera-forming eruption (ca.
55 ka) and resurgence phenomena that have affected the caldera floor and generated a net uplift of about 900 m since 33 ka.
The results of new geomorphological, stratigraphical and textural investigations of the products of gravitational movements
triggered by volcano-tectonic events have been combined with the information arising from a reinterpretation of historical
chronicles on natural phenomena such as earthquakes, ground deformation, gravitational movements and volcanic eruptions. The
combined interpretation of all these data shows that gravitational movements, coeval to volcanic activity and uplift events
related to the long-lasting resurgence, have affected the highly fractured marginal portions of the most uplifted Mt. Epomeo
blocks. Such movements, mostly occurring since 3 ka, include debris avalanches; large debris flows (lahars); smaller mass
movements (rock falls, slumps, debris and rock slides, and small debris flows); and deep-seated gravitational slope deformation.
The occurrence of submarine deposits linked with subaerial deposits of the most voluminous mass movements clearly shows that
the debris avalanches impacted on the sea. The obtained results corroborate the hypothesis that the behaviour of the Ischia
volcano is based on an intimate interplay among magmatism, resurgence dynamics, fault generation, seismicity, slope oversteepening
and instability, and eruptions. They also highlight that volcano-tectonically triggered mass movements are a potentially hazardous
phenomena that have to be taken into account in any attempt to assess volcanic and related hazards at Ischia. Furthermore,
the largest mass movements could also flow into the sea, generating tsunami waves that could impact on the island’s coast
as well as on the neighbouring and densely inhabited coast of the Neapolitan area. 相似文献
The Italian strong-motion database was created during a joint project between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
(INGV, Italian Institute for Geophysics and Vulcanology) and Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC, Italian Civil Protection). The aim of the project was the collection, homogenization and distribution of strong motion data acquired in Italy in the
period 1972–2004 by different institutions, namely Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica (ENEL, Italian electricity company), Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (ENEA, Italian energy and environment organization) and DPC. Recently the strong-motion data relative to the 23th December 2009, Parma (Mw = 5.4 and Mw = 4.9) and to the April
2009 L’Aquila sequences (13 earthquakes with 4.1 ≤ Mw ≤ 6.3) were included in the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA) database
(beta release). The database contains 7,038 waveforms from analog and digital instruments, generated by 1.019 earthquakes
with magnitude up to 6.9 and can be accessed on-line at the web site . The strong motion data are provided in the unprocessed and processed versions. This article describes the steps followed
to process the acceleration time series recorded by analogue and digital instruments. The procedures implemented involve:
baseline removal, instrumental correction, band pass filtering with acausal filters, integration of the corrected acceleration
in order to obtain velocity and displacement waveforms, computation of acceleration response spectra and strong motion parameters.
This procedure is applied to each accelerogram and it is realised to preserve the low frequency content of the records. 相似文献
In situ Sr-isotope and microchemical studies were used to determine the provenance of K-feldspar megacrysts hosted in mafic alkaline potassic, ultrapotassic rocks and in differentiated rocks from two nearby volcanic apparatus in central Italy.
At Monte Cimino volcanic complex, mafic leucite-free ultrapotassic megacryst-bearing rocks of olivine latitic composition are associated with evolved latite and trachyte. Here, latites and trachytes straddle the sub-alkaline field. Age-corrected 87Sr/86Sr values (Sri) of the analysed Cimino olivine latites vary from 0.71330 and 0.71578 and strongly increase at constant Mg value. Latite and trachyte have lower Sri than olivine latites ranging between 0.71331 and 0.71361. Sri of K-feldspar megacrysts from olivine latites are between 0.71352 and 0.71397, but core and rim 87Sr/86Sr ratios within individual megacryst are indistinguishable. In all the mafic rocks, the megacrysts are not in isotopic equilibrium with the hosts. K-feldspar megacrysts from both the latite and trachyte have similar Sr-isotope compositions (Sri=0.71357–0.71401) to those in the olivine latites. However, Sri of megacryst in the trachyte vary significantly from core to rim (Sri from 0.71401 to 0.71383). As with the olivine latites, the K-feldspar megacrysts are not in isotopic equilibrium with bulk rock compositions of the latite or trachyte.
At Vico volcano, megacryst-bearing rocks are mafic leucite-free potassic rocks, mafic leucite-bearing ultrapotassic rocks and old trachytic rocks. The mafic leucite-bearing and leucite-free rocks are a tephri-phonolite and an olivine latite, respectively. A megacryst in Vico trachyte is isotopically homogeneous (Sri CORE=0.71129, RIM=0.71128) and in equilibrium with the host rock (Sri bulk ROCK=0.71125). Sri of megacryst from tephri-phonolite is clearly not in isotopic equilibrium with its host (Sri bulk ROCK=0.71158), and it increases from core (Sri=0.71063) to rim (Sri=0.71077). A megacryst in Vico olivine latite is isotopically homogeneous (Sri CORE=0.71066, RIM=0.71065), but not in equilibrium with the host rock (Sri bulk ROCK=0.71013).
The Sr isotope microdrilling technique reveals that Cimino megacrysts were crystallised in a Cimino trachytic magma and were subsequently incorporated by mixing/mingling processes in the latitic and olivine latitic melts. A model invoking the presence of a mafic sub-alkaline magma, which was mixed with the olivine latite, is proposed to justify the lack of simple geochemical mixing relation between Cimino trachytes and olivine latites. This magmatological model is able to explain the geochemical characteristics of Cimino olivine latites, otherwise ascribed to mantle heterogeneity.
The similarity of core Sri of megacrysts hosted in Vico tephri-phonolite and olivine latite suggests that the K-feldspar megacrysts are co-genetic. Isotopic equilibrium between megacryst and Vico host trachyte indicates that the trachyte is the parent of this megacryst. On the contrary, the megacrysts hosted in tephri-phonolite and olivine latite do not derive from the old trachytic magma because no diffusion process may explain the core to rim Sr isotope increase of the xenocryst hosted in the tephri-phonolite. The megacrysts hosted in the Vico mafic rocks might derive from a trachytic melt similar in composition to the old Vico trachytes. 相似文献
The Fe3+/Fetot of all Fe-bearing minerals has been analysed by Mössbauer spectroscopy in a suite of biotite-rich to biotite-free graphitic metapelite xenoliths, proxies of an amphibolite-granulite transition through progressive biotite melting. Biotite contains 9 to 16% Fe3+/Fetot, whereas garnet, cordierite and ilmenite are virtually Fe3+ -free (0–1% Fe3+/Fetot) in all samples, regardless of biotite presence. Under relatively reducing conditions (graphite-bearing assemblages), biotite is the only carrier of Fe3+ during high-temperature metamorphism; therefore, its disappearance by melting represents an important event of iron reduction during granulite formation, because haplogranitic melts usually incorporate small amounts of ferric iron. Iron reduction is accompanied by the oxidation of carbon and the production of CO2, according to the redox reaction:
Depending on the nature of the peritectic Fe-Mg mineral produced (garnet, cordierite, orthopyroxene), the CO2 can either be present as a free fluid component, or be completely stored within melt and cordierite. The oxidation of graphite by iron reduction can account for the in situ generation of CO2, implying a consequential rather than causal role of CO2 in some granulites and migmatites. This genetic model is relevant to graphitic rocks more generally and may explain why CO2 is present in some granulites although it is not required for their formation. 相似文献
Pb-Zn-F deposits occur in the very late Archaean (2.55 Ga) shallow marine dolostone of the relatively undeformed Campbellrand and Malmani Sub-groups, which are overlain unconformably by the lower Proterozoic Postmasburg and Pretoria Group siliciclastics. They consist of stratiform deposits formed by replacement and porosity-filling, as well as pipes, ring-shaped and irregular bodies associated with collapse breccia. In the Transvaal basin the latter were generated during the karst denudation period between the deposition of the Chuniespoort Group (ending at 2.4 Ga) and of the Pretoria Group (starting at 2.35 Ga). A part of these mineralisations were overprinted by the metamorphism of the Bushveld Complex intrusion at 2.06 Ga. In the Transvaal basin, the age of the mineralisation is constrained between the start of the Pretoria Group deposition and the Bushveld intrusion. It is concluded that, although most of the mineralisations are characteristic of the Mississippi Valley-type, some of the northernmost occurrences, rich in siderite, are less typical. A classic genetic model is proposed. In an environment characterised by tensional tectonics and basin development, brines of basinal origin were heated by circulation into pre-Chuniespoort rocks, leached metals from the rocks they permeated, and rose as hydrothermal plumes. At relatively shallow depth they deposited minerals after mixing with water of surficial origin. 相似文献
Volcanic gaseous mixtures emitted from active volcanoes frequently show variable amounts of saturated (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes) and aromatic volatile hydrocarbons. Three major patterns of distributions can be recognized, apparently related to the chemical-physical environment of formation of the gas exhalations: alkane-rich, low-temperature gas emissions from recently active volcanic areas; aromatic-rich hydrothermal manifestations; and alkene-rich, magmatic fumaroles on active volcanoes. Thermodynamic data, together with theoretical and practical findings from the petroleum industry, point to two main types of reactions occurring in these volcanic environments: cracking and reforming. Cracking processes, mainly caused by thermal effects, occur when hydrocarbon-bearing hydrothermal fluids enter and mix with a hot and dry, rapidly rising magmatic gas phase. The most probable products are light alkenes with carbon numbers decreasing with increasing reaction temperatures. The presence of aromatic species in hydrothermal fluids can be linked to reforming processes, catalysed by several possible agents, such as smectites and zeolites, generally present in the hydrothermally altered volcanic terranes, and facilitated by long residence times in a hydrothermal envelope. 相似文献