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251.
Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the riparian zone has been subjected to numerous environmental changes. This study was conducted to recognize the distribution of grass roots and its impacts on soil nutrients in the water level fluctuation zone of TGR. Roots of four predominant herbaceous plants in the study area, specifically, Cynodon dactylon, Hemarthria altissima, Hemarthria compressa, and Paspalum paspaloides, and their corresponding relation with soil nutrient contents were investigated. Root surface area density was determined with WinRHIZO, and the relationships of root distribution with soil depths and soil nutrient contents were studied. The results indicates that most roots are distributed in the top soil layer of 0–10 cm. Estimated root surface area density for the selected grass species ranges from 0.16 to 13.44 cm2/cm3, and decreases exponentially with an increase in soil depth. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents are significantly lower on bare control area than the corresponding values on the grasslands. Total nutrient contents on grasslands of C. dactylon and H. compressa are higher than those of other grass areas. Root length density and root surface area density are significantly correlated with soil organic matter and total nitrogen content for the four grasslands. The present results suggests that plant roots have significant effects on the distribution of soil nutrients in soil profiles in the riparian zone along the TGR. Nevertheless, additional investigations are needed to reveal the specific interactions between plant roots distribution, soil nutrients and water level fluctuations. 相似文献
252.
F. Fabio Fussi Letizia Fumagalli Francesco Fava Biagio Di Mauro Cheik Hamidou Kane Magatte Niang Souleye Wade Barry Hamidou Roberto Colombo Tullia Bonomi 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(8):2263-2279
A method is proposed that uses analysis of borehole stratigraphic logs for the characterization of shallow aquifers and for the assessment of areas suitable for manual drilling. The model is based on available borehole-log parameters: depth to hard rock, depth to water, thickness of laterite and hydraulic transmissivity of the shallow aquifer. The model is applied to a study area in northwestern Senegal. A dataset of boreholes logs has been processed using a software package (TANGAFRIC) developed during the research. After a manual procedure to assign a standard category describing the lithological characteristics, the next step is the automated extraction of different textural parameters and the estimation of hydraulic conductivity using reference values available in the literature. The hydraulic conductivity values estimated from stratigraphic data have been partially validated, by comparing them with measured values from a series of pumping tests carried out in large-diameter wells. The results show that this method is able to produce a reliable interpretation of the shallow hydrogeological context using information generally available in the region. The research contributes to improving the identification of areas where conditions are suitable for manual drilling. This is achieved by applying the described method, based on a structured and semi-quantitative approach, to classify the zones of suitability for given manual drilling techniques using data available in most African countries. Ultimately, this work will support proposed international programs aimed at promoting low-cost water supply in Africa and enhancing access to safe drinking water for the population. 相似文献
253.
Chunhui Tao Sheng Chen Edward T. Baker Huaiming Li Jin Liang Shili Liao Yongshun John Chen Xianming Deng Guoyin Zhang Chunhua Gu Jialin Wu 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2017,38(1-2):3-16
Seafloor hydrothermal polymetallic sulfide deposits are a new type of resource, with great potential economic value and good prospect development. This paper discusses turbidity, oxidation–reduction potential, and temperature anomalies of hydrothermal plumes from the Zouyu-1 and Zouyu-2 hydrothermal fields on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We use the known location of these vent fields and plume data collected in multiple years (2009, 2011, 2013) to demonstrate how real-time plume exploration can be used to locate active vent fields, and thus associated sulfide deposits. Turbidity anomalies can be detected 10 s of km from an active source, but the location precision is no better than a few kilometers because fine-grained particles are quasi-conservative over periods of many days. Temperature and oxidation–reduction potential anomalies provide location precision of a few hundred meters. Temperature anomalies are generally weak and difficult to reliably detect, except by chance encounters of a buoyant plume. Oxidation–reduction potential is highly sensitive (nmol concentrations of reduced hydrothermal chemicals) to discharges of all temperatures and responds immediately to a plume encounter. Real-time surveys using continuous tows of turbidity and oxidation–reduction potential sensors offer the most efficient and precise surface ship exploration presently possible. 相似文献
254.
Ramakh Suleiman Shakhin 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2010,65(4):263-264
The study of hydrodynamic zonation and karst formation in the northwest part of Syria is a topical hydrogeological problem.
It is important to trace the history of karst formation and evaluate the spread of karst structures in the area and the rate
of development of karst processes, as well as their influence on water supplies and irrigation. The solution of this problem
was performed by integrated geophysical methods (electric and seismic exploration works) and data analysis of well-drilling,
geological, hydro-geological, and subsurface territory explorations. The most detailed works were done near Ras Al-Ain. This
paper is devoted to the results of the study of hydrodynamic conditions and karst formation. 相似文献
255.
The time varying conditions in the near-Earth space environment that may affect space-borne or ground-based technological
systems and may endanger human health or life are referred to as space weather. Space weather effects arise from the dynamic
and highly variable conditions in the geospace environment starting from explosive events on the Sun (solar flares), Coronal
Mass Ejections near the Sun in the interplanetary medium, and various energetic effects in the magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere
system. As the utilization of space has become part of our everyday lives, and as our lives have become increasingly dependent
on technological systems vulnerable to the space weather influences, the understanding and prediction of hazards posed by
these active solar events have grown in importance. In this paper, we review the processes of the Sun–Earth interactions,
the dynamic conditions within the magnetosphere, and the predictability of space weather effects on radio waves, satellites
and ground-based technological systems today. 相似文献
256.
Julien Berger Renaud Caby Jean-Paul Liégeois Jean-Claude C. Mercier Daniel Demaiffe 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,162(4):773-796
We show here that the Amalaoulaou complex, in the Pan-African belt of West Africa (Gourma, Mali), corresponds to the lower
and middle sections of a Neoproterozoic intra-oceanic arc. This complex records a 90–130-Ma-long evolution of magmatic inputs
and differentiation above a subducting oceanic slab. Early c. 793 Ma-old metagabbros crystallised at lower crustal or uppermost
mantle depths (25–30 km) and have geochemical characteristic of high-alumina basalts extracted from a depleted mantle source
slightly enriched by slab-derived sedimentary components ((La/Sm)N < 1; εNd: +5.4–6.2; 87Sr/86Sr: 0.7027–0.7029). In response to crustal thickening, these mafic rocks were recrystallised into garnet-granulites (850–1,000°C;
10–12 kbar) and subject to local dehydration–melting reactions, forming trondhjemititic leucosomes with garnet–clinopyroxene–rutile
residues. Slightly after the granulitic event, the arc root was subject to strong HT shearing during partial exhumation (detachment
faults/rifting or thrusting), coeval with the emplacement of spinel- and garnet-pyroxenite dykes crystallised from a high-Mg
andesitic parental magma. Quartz and hornblende-gabbros (700–660 Ma) with composition typical of hydrous volcanic rocks from
mature arcs ((La/Sm)N: 0.9–1.8; εNd: +4.6 to +5.2; 87Sr/86Sr: 0.7028–0.7031) were subsequently emplaced at mid-arc crust levels (~15 km). Trace element and isotopic data indicate that
magmas tapped a depleted mantle source significantly more enriched in oceanic sedimentary components (0.2%). Exhumation occurred
either in two stages (700–660 and 623 Ma) or in one stage (623 Ma) with a final exhumation of the arc root along cold P-T
path (550°C, 6–9 kbar; epidote–amphibolite and greenschist facies conditions) during the main Pan-African collision event
(620–580 Ma). The composition of magmas forming the Cryogenian Amalaoulaou arc and the processes leading to intra-arc differentiation
are strikingly comparable to those observed in the deep section of exposed Mezosoic oceanic arcs, namely the Kohistan and
Talkeetna complex. This evolution of the Amalaoulaou oceanic arc and its accretion towards the West African craton belong
to the life and closure of the Pharusian Ocean that eventually led to the formation of the Greater Gondwana supercontinent,
a similar story having occurred on the other side of the Sahara with the Mozambique Ocean. 相似文献
257.
Masahiko Bessho Takaaki Wajima Takuro Ida Takashi Nishiyama 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(2):311-318
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a widespread environmental problem associated with working and abandoned mining operations. It
results from the microbial oxidation of pyrite in the presence of water and air, affording an acidic solution that contains
toxic metal ions. Pyrite microencapsulation, utilizing silica coating, is a novel approach for controlling AMD that has been
shown to be very effective in controlling pyrite oxidation. The roles of the solution pH and silica concentration in the formation
mechanism for the AMD-preventing coating were investigated. A silica coating can be formed from silica solution at pH 7, at
which the amount of Fe eluted from pyrite into the solution is small. No coating was formed at other pH values, and the amounts
of eluted Fe were larger than at pH 7, especially at pH 11. The silica coating forms from 2,500 to 5,000 mg/L silica solutions,
but not from 0 or 1,000 mg/L silica solutions. The coating formation rate was slower in the 2,500 mg/L silica solution than
in the 5,000 mg/L silica solution. The formation of silica coating on pyrite surfaces depends on three main steps: formation
of Fe(OH)3 on the surface of pyrite, reaction between Fe(OH)3 and silicate in the solution on the pyrite surface, and growth of the silica layer on the first layer of silica. The best
pH condition to enable these steps was around 7, and the silica coating formation rate can be controlled by the concentration
of silica. 相似文献
258.
Numerical simulation of oil migration and accumulation is to describe the history of oil migration and accumulation in basin
evolution. It is of great value to the evaluation of oil resources and to the determination of the location and amount of
oil deposits. This thesis discusses the characteristics of petroleum geology and permeation fluid mechanics. For the three-dimensional
problems of Dongying hollow of Shengli Petroleum Oil Field, it puts forward a new model and a kind of modified method of upwind
finite difference fractional steps implicit interactive scheme. For the famous hydraulic experiment of secondary migration–accumulation,
the numerical simulation test has been done, and both the computational and experimental results are basically identical.
For the actual problem of Dongying hollow, the numerical simulation test and the actual conditions are basically coincident.
Thus, the well-known problem has been solved. 相似文献
259.
Jörg Geldmacher Kaj Hoernle Barry B. Hanan Janne Blichert-Toft F. Hauff James B. Gill Hans-Ulrich Schmincke 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,162(1):21-36
The broad belt of intraplate volcanism in the East Atlantic between 25° and 37° N is proposed to have formed by two adjacent
hotspot tracks (the Madeira and Canary tracks) that possess systematically different isotopic signatures reflecting different
mantle source compositions. To test this model, Hf isotope ratios from volcanic rocks from all individual islands and all
major seamounts are presented in this study. In comparison with published Nd isotope variations (6 εNd units), 176Hf/177Hf ratios span a much larger range (14 εHf units). Samples from the proposed Madeira hotspot track have the most radiogenic
Hf isotopic compositions (176Hf/177Hfm up to 0.283335), extending across the entire field for central Atlantic MORB. They form a relatively narrow, elongated trend
on the Nd vs. Hf isotope diagram (stretching over > 10 εHf units) between a depleted N-MORB-like endmember and a moderately
enriched composition located on, or slightly below, the Nd–Hf mantle array, which overlaps the proposed “C” mantle component
of Hanan and Graham (1996). In contrast, all samples from the Canary hotspot track plot below the mantle array (176Hf/177Hfm = 0.282943–0.283067) and form a much denser cluster with less compositional variation (~4 εHf units). The cluster falls between
(1) a low Hf isotope HIMU-like endmember, (2) a more depleted composition, and (3) the moderately enriched end of the Madeira
trend. The new Hf isotope data confirm the general geochemical distinction of the Canary and Madeira domains in the East Atlantic.
Both domains, however, seem to share a common, moderately enriched endmember that has “C”-like isotope compositions and is
believed to represent subducted, <1-Ga-old oceanic lithosphere (oceanic crust and possibly minor sediment addition). The lower
176Hf/177Hf ratio of the enriched, HIMU-like Canary domain endmember indicates the contribution of oceanic lithosphere with somewhat
older recycling ages of ≥1 Ga. 相似文献
260.
The spatio-temporal patterns of macrofaunal fouling assemblages were quantitatively investigated in the nearshore waters of the South China Sea. The work was undertaken by deploying seasonal panels at two sites (H-site, L-site) for one year, and the fouling communities on the panels were examined and analyzed. The results indicated that species composition of assemblages was obviously different between the two sites. At both sites the assemblages were characteristic with solitary dominant species throughout the year, with Amphibalanus reticulates dominating at H-site and Hydroides elegans at L-site. Shannon index and biomass of the assemblages varied with depth and season at both sites. At H-site the total biomass in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in spring and winter, while at L-site the assemblage biomass also differed significantly among the four seasons, and the greatest biomass occurred at the depth of 2.0 m in winter. The abundance of all seasonal samples in non-metric multidimensional scaling was clustered as one group at L-site and three groups at H-site. The environmental factors were more likely to be related to the variation of fouling assemblages. Furthermore, it also suggests that in tropical seas the integrated adaptability would qualify a species for dominating a fouling assemblage despite its short life cycle, rather than the usually assumed only species with long life span. This study reveals the complexity and characteristic dynamics of macrofaunal fouling assemblages in the tropical habitats, and the results would provide valuable knowledge for biodiversity and antifouling research. 相似文献