The effect of drying and wetting cycles on the mechanical properties and particle breakage of carbonate sand

Acta Geotechnica - For islands in marine environments, groundwater levels vary due to the influence of tides. As a result, the external environment of backfilled carbonate sands on islands...     

Effect of succession gaps on the understory water‐holding capacity in an over‐mature alpine forest at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River

The water‐holding capacity (WHC) of the understory in the headwater regions of major rivers plays an important role in both the capacity of the forest water reservoir and water quality and quantity in the butted rivers. Although forest gaps could regulate water‐holding patterns in the understory by redistributing coarse woody debris (CWD), fine woody debris (FWD), non‐woody debris (NWD) and understory vegetation, little information is available on the effects of forest gaps on understory WHC. Therefore, we investigated the WHCs of CWD, FWD, NWD, herbaceous vegetation, mosses, epiphytes (including fern and lichen growing on the surface of logs) and soils from the gap centre to the adjacent closed canopy in an alpine forest at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The total WHC of the alpine forest understory components was approximately 300 mm. Soil layer had the largest contribution to the total understory WHC (90%), and among the aboveground components, CWD and mosses contributed 5% and 4% to the aboveground WHC, respectively. With the exception of that of the herbaceous layer, the WHC of the forest floor increased from the gap centre to the closed canopy. Although mosses had the lowest biomass allocation on the alpine forest floor, the water‐holding ratio (k) of mosses reached 485%. In conclusion, biomass is the parameter that most strongly and positively correlated with the WHC of the alpine forest understory, and forest gap formation decreases the understory WHC of alpine forest resulting from a decrease in organic soils, CWDs and mosses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Highlights

• The effects of gaps on the understory WHC were examined in an alpine forest.
• Gaps decreased the understory WHC by decreasing the amounts of the larger WHC components.
• The contribution of CWD and mosses to the aboveground WHC was large.
• The WHC of dead debris was higher than that of the vegetation.

     

Tracer hydrology of the data-scarce and heterogeneous Central American Isthmus

Numerous socio-economic activities depend on the seasonal rainfall and groundwater recharge cycle across the Central American Isthmus. Population growth and unregulated land use changes resulted in extensive surface water pollution and a large dependency on groundwater resources. This work combines stable isotope variations in rainfall, surface water, and groundwater of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras to develop a regionalized rainfall isoscape, isotopic lapse rates, spatial–temporal isotopic variations, and air mass back trajectories determining potential mean recharge elevations, moisture circulation patterns, and surface water–groundwater interactions. Intra-seasonal rainfall modes resulted in two isotopically depleted incursions (W-shaped isotopic pattern) during the wet season and two enriched pulses during the mid-summer drought and the months of the strongest trade winds. Notable isotopic sub-cloud fractionation and near-surface secondary evaporation were identified as common denominators within the Central American Dry Corridor. Groundwater and surface water isotope ratios depicted the strong orographic separation into the Caribbean and Pacific domains, mainly induced by the governing moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea, complex rainfall producing systems across the N-S mountain range, and the subsequent mixing with local evapotranspiration, and, to a lesser degree, the eastern Pacific Ocean fluxes. Groundwater recharge was characterized by (a) depleted recharge in highland areas (72.3%), (b) rapid recharge via preferential flow paths (13.1%), and enriched recharge due to near-surface secondary fractionation (14.6%). Median recharge elevation ranged from 1,104 to 1,979 m a.s.l. These results are intended to enhance forest conservation practices, inform water protection regulations, and facilitate water security and sustainability planning in the Central American Isthmus.     

基于PSInSAR技术的地面沉降监测研究——以北京怀柔区为例

怀柔应急水源地是北京第一个建成的特大型应急备用水源地,经过数年的开采后,应急水源地水位大幅度下降,地下水漏斗面积不断扩大。PSInSAR技术在监测地面沉降方面具有很大的优势,本文利用PSInSAR技术和2003年—2009年间28幅Enviast卫星的ASAR影像监测怀柔应急水源地地区地面沉降情况,试验结果表明该地区平均沉降量为8mm/a。通过该地区地面沉降状况和地下水漏斗发展趋势之间的对比,发现地面沉降范围和地下水漏斗有较大的空间一致性,平面分布趋势整体上由南西—北东向北西—南东转变。     

信息化背景下开放式测绘实训教学研究与探索

实验教学是培养学生成为高素质人才必不可少的环节。本文针对当前测量实验教学过程存在的教师主导、学生学习兴趣不高、实验教学效果不理想等问题,积极探索建立以学生能力培养为核心的开放实验教学观念,在开放式测量实验教学过程中,基于CBE理念优化层次化开放实验内容体系,实施基于教学资源平台、实验管理平台和大数据分析的开放实验教学模式和教学诊改,并经过实践证明“互联网+教育”背景下开放式实验教学有利于兼顾学生全面与个性发展,有利于提高学生的整体素质。     

泰安地震台水管仪观测资料检验分析

分析泰安地震台DSQ水管倾斜仪2009-2011年运行现状,与“九五”数据进行对比检验,结果表明：观测资料的一般性质量评估均满足形变观测规范要求;各主波潮汐参数稳定,M2波潮汐因子均方差及观测资料噪声水平M1满足形变规范要求,最高精度达0.0015;年变形态一致性较好,标定干扰影响较大.     

图形化预报产品制作平台的设计与开发

介绍了专业预报平台软件开发的过程及为多个专业用户制作图形化预报的各种技巧。     

节水灌溉技术在通辽地区应用效果分析

从土壤—作物—大气连续体角度出发,利用农田优化灌溉技术,结合通辽地区农业生产实际,确立优化灌溉技术推广示范田,历经3年的推广试验,灌溉指标明确,经济效益和服务效果比较理想。     

暴雨站数预报在暴雨落点预报中的应用

采用暴雨站数预报与站点降水量预报相结合的方法预报暴雨落点,在１９９８年７～８月的暴雨落点预报中,ＴＳ评分达到２２．４％,超过了ＨＬＡＦＳ和主观预报。进一步的研究分析表明：这种方法可充分利用降水量预报的空间分布信息,预报准确率还存在较大的可提高空间,是一种较为有效的暴雨落点客观预报方法     

Observations and Large-Eddy Simulations of Entrainment in the Sheared Sahelian Boundary Layer

At the top of the planetary boundary layer, the entrainment of air, which incorporates dry and warm air from the free troposphere into the boundary layer, is a key process for exchanges with the free troposphere since it controls the growth of the boundary layer. Here, we focus on the semi-arid boundary layer where the entrainment process is analyzed using aircraft observations collected during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis experiment and large-eddy simulations. The role of the entrainment is specifically enhanced in this region where very large gradients at the planetary boundary-layer top can be found due to the presence of the moist, cold monsoon flow on which the dry, warm Harmattan flow is superimposed. A first large-eddy simulation is designed based on aircraft observations of 5 June 2006 during the transition period between dry conditions and the active monsoon phase. The simulation reproduces the boundary-layer development and dynamics observed on this day. From this specific case, sensitivity tests are carried out to cover a range of conditions observed during seven other flights made in the same transition period in order to describe the entrainment processes in detail. The combination of large-eddy simulations and observations allows us to test the parametrization of entrainment in a mixed-layer model with zero-order and first-order approximations for the entrainment zone. The latter representation of the entrainment zone gives a better fit with the conditions encountered in the Sahelian boundary layer during the transition period because large entrainment thicknesses are observed. The sensitivity study also provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution of shear stress and scalar jumps at the top of the boundary layer in the entrainment process, and to test a relevant parametrization published in the recent literature for a mixed-layer model.