TRANSPORT PLANNING FOR NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT:EXPERIENCE OF HONG KONG

l.TheNewTowllsofHongKo11gInanattempttotestifytheintimateandvitalrelationshipbetweennewtownsandthemetroPOlitanarea,andtheil1teractingrolesbetweentheplanningandprovisionofpublictransPOrtfacilitiesontheonehand,andthechangingfunctionsofnewtownsontheother,thispaperpresentssomeexperiencegainedinastudyofnewtowntransportplaninnginHongKong.HongKonghasatotallandareaofabout1o74kinandwasinhabitedbyabout5.9millionPeopleinl992.About77percentofthemlivedinthemetroPOlitanarea.TheeconomicsystemofHongKong…     

Hard X-Ray Emission from Elliptical Galaxies and Its Contribution to the X-Ray Background

We explore the implications of the discovery of hard, power-law X-ray sources in the spectra of nearby elliptical galaxies for the origin of the X-ray background (XRB). The spectra of these sources are consistent with models of thermal bremsstrahlung emission from low radiative efficiency accretion flows around central supermassive black holes and are unique in that they approximately match the spectrum of the hard XRB. If such sources, with luminosities consistent with those observed in nearby elliptical galaxies, are present in most early-type galaxies, then their integrated emission may contribute significantly to the XRB. These sources may also contribute to the hard source counts detected in deep X-ray surveys.     

微细浸染型金矿原生和氧化矿石元素地球化学

本文通过常量、微量和稀土元素的详细分析和研究,论证了本区微细浸染型金诶中原生矿石和氧化矿石的元素地球化学特征和变化规律,为探讨原生矿石抽氧化矿石的转化机理提供了一定的依据,对于开发利用该类型金矿的原生矿石具有重要意义。     

滇西马厂箐钼铜金矿床中赋矿斑状花岗岩定年及其地质意义

马厂箐钼铜金多金属矿床是三江成矿带上与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的典型矿床之一。本文采用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os定年方法,结合前人研究,进一步分析讨论了该矿床的成岩成矿年代学;结合矿化石英脉和斑状花岗岩中石英斑晶ESR测年研究,进一步证实了赋矿斑状花岗岩和流体作用与系列成矿的成因关系。     

云南马关碧(钾)玄质火山角砾岩中矿物混晶包体特征及其地质意义

在云南马关碧(钾)玄质火山角砾岩中发现了一类特殊包体,呈红色与黑色两种。经X射线粉晶衍射鉴定,红色者为以锰铝榴石为主要结晶相的隐晶—非晶质混晶,黑色者为以绿辉石为主要结晶相的隐晶—非晶质混晶。两种矿物混晶包体在一定程度上类似于熔浆玻璃或熔体囊,它们具有同源演化的相似地球化学特征。文中通过对两种矿物混晶包体的显微特征与地球化学分析研究表明,它们是亏损地幔部分熔融的产物,并作为一种不混溶熔体成分被碱性玄武岩浆携带、运移上升。它们代表了石榴石相(榴辉岩相)地幔源区组分,暗示新生代时期软流圈上涌除释放小体积交代熔体交代上地幔使其富集之外,还造成岩石圈地幔拆沉,尖晶石相地幔组分向石榴石相地幔组分转变。另外,据两种混晶包体与其他类型包体和寄主岩岩浆的不同来源,推测马关地区深部岩石圈地幔经交代作用发生过两次转换。首先是由原始地幔向亏损地幔转化,并发生部分熔融,其后是由亏损地幔转化为富集地幔,形成富碱岩浆和与其互不混溶的进一步富集成矿元素的地幔流体。由此暗示滇西地区与富碱斑岩有关的多金属成矿作用即受制于这一深部地质过程与壳幔混染机制。     

微细浸染型金矿原生和氧化矿石元素地球化学

本文通过常量、微量和稀土元素的详细分析和研究,论证了本区微细浸染型金矿中原生矿石和氧化矿石的元素地球化学特征和变化规律,为探讨原生矿石向氧化矿石的转化机理提供了一定的依据,对于开发利用该类型金矿的原生矿石具有重要意义。     

云南六合正长斑岩中花岗岩包体锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

滇西地区沿金沙江-哀牢山断裂带广泛发育新生代富碱斑岩,其中六合富碱斑岩中发现了与镁铁-超镁铁质深源包体紧密共生的花岗岩包体。本文对花岗岩包体中锆石进行了阴极发光图像、LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和U-Pb定年研究。研究表明,该花岗岩包体中锆石可分为岩浆锆石、老核新壳的复合岩浆锆石和变质交代成因锆石;复合岩浆锆石的新壳206Pb/238U平均加权年龄为39.2±2Ma,代表花岗岩包体的成岩年龄,与寄主富碱斑岩的成岩年龄基本一致;复合岩浆锆石的老核206Pb/238U平均加权年龄为828.1±7.1Ma,代表基底岩石年龄。变质锆石的206Pb/238U平均加权年龄为108.4±4.4Ma,与角闪石化金云石榴透辉岩中角闪石Ar-Ar年龄102.87±1.19Ma基本吻合,代表地幔流体交代矿物的结晶年龄,表明地幔流体交代作用过程可能在白垩纪前后延续一个相当长的时期。结合岩相学研究,认为该花岗岩包体被捕获运移时处于熔融态;花岗质熔浆的形成很可能与地幔流体作用引发的地壳部分熔融与壳幔岩浆混合作用密切相关。     

Evaluation of MODFLOW-LGR in connection with a synthetic regional-scale model

This work studies costs and benefits of utilizing local-grid refinement (LGR) as implemented in MODFLOW-LGR to simulate groundwater flow in a buried tunnel valley interacting with a regional aquifer. Two alternative LGR methods were used: the shared-node (SN) method and the ghost-node (GN) method. To conserve flows the SN method requires correction of sources and sinks in cells at the refined/coarse-grid interface. We found that the optimal correction method is case dependent and difficult to identify in practice. However, the results showed little difference and suggest that identifying the optimal method was of minor importance in our case. The GN method does not require corrections at the models' interface, and it uses a simpler head interpolation scheme than the SN method. The simpler scheme is faster but less accurate so that more iterations may be necessary. However, the GN method solved our flow problem more efficiently than the SN method. The MODFLOW-LGR results were compared with the results obtained using a globally coarse (GC) grid. The LGR simulations required one to two orders of magnitude longer run times than the GC model. However, the improvements of the numerical resolution around the buried valley substantially increased the accuracy of simulated heads and flows compared with the GC simulation. Accuracy further increased locally around the valley flanks when improving the geological resolution using the refined grid. Finally, comparing MODFLOW-LGR simulation with a globally refined (GR) grid showed that the refinement proportion of the model should not exceed 10% to 15% in order to secure method efficiency.     

云南中甸峨眉山玄武岩中超基性－基性岩包体元素地球化学分析

峨眉山大火成岩省于滇西地区广泛发育有一系列的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体,但对于其中地幔包体的报道还相对较少。本次研究在云南中甸地区峨眉山玄武岩中发现了岩性表现为由纯橄岩→辉橄岩→橄辉岩→苦橄岩→辉长岩→辉绿辉长岩→辉绿岩变化系列的超基性-基性岩包体。通过对包体岩石开展元素地球化学分析研究,结果表明:形成包体的原始超基性岩浆属于峨眉山地幔柱活动产物,且与主岩形成背景相似,其岩浆源区位于难熔的方辉橄榄岩区与石榴二辉橄榄岩区的过渡部位,受岩石圈地壳混染程度较低。结合丽江苦橄岩性质,认为滇西地区上地幔存在早阶段峨眉山地幔柱活动。     

自由振荡能够触发余震解决地震预报吗？

检验了Ｗｈｉｔｅｓｉｄｅ和Ｂｅｎ－Ｚｉｏｎ的地震预测模型以确认他们提出的方法从统计上是否产生有意义的结果。他们的模型推型。大地震数月在主震邻近地区地球自由振荡触发的小震有明显增加。我们独立设计一个程序去重视他们的方法,发现结果是取决于产生触发百分比所用的事件总数。