日本地震灾害死者死因分析与思考

地震中的人员死亡人数是评价地震灾害受灾程度的重要参数。地震往往引起多灾种的复合灾害。地震人员死亡原因归纳为直接死亡和间接死亡。建筑倒塌、家具翻倒以及海啸、火灾等次生灾害是直接死亡的主要原因;而应激反应、病情恶化、孤独死亡等属于间接死亡。依据建筑法规建造安全建筑,树立复合灾害理念,重视灾害医疗救护等是减少直接死亡与间接死亡的有效对策。     

滨里海盆地东缘石炭系KT-Ⅰ油层组白云岩地球化学特征

哈萨克斯坦滨里海盆地东缘上石炭统KT-Ⅰ油层组主要发育局限海台地-开阔海台地碳酸盐沉积,间夹蒸发岩层。由于区域性白云石化作用,KT-Ⅰ油层组中白云岩广泛分布,为主要油气储集层。研究表明,白云岩中白云石为泥晶、粉晶或细晶,半自形-他形;略富钙,有序度较低(0.336～0.504);δ¹⁸O_PDB值在-1.06‰～+2.45‰之间,比石炭纪海水(δ¹⁸O_PDB值介于-1‰～-2‰之间)偏正;δ¹³C_PDB值在+3.36‰～+5.94‰之间,与石炭纪海水(δ¹³C_PDB值介于+3.1‰～+4.7‰之间)接近;锶同位素值接近石炭纪海水(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值在0.7082～0.7088之间);微量元素Mn含量平均为92.57 μg/g,Fe含量平均为447.52 μg/g,接近被交代的灰岩含量;Na和K含量的平均值分别为198.80 μg/g 和5.89 μg/g,显示交代流体为蒸发海水。上述岩石学和地球化学资料表明,研究区石炭系KT-Ⅰ油层组白云岩具有渗透-回流机理白云岩的特征。     

东北地区古生代地层间断

东北地区古生代在南部有一个地层间断面,北部有三个地层间断面：奥陶纪、晚志留世末-早泥盆世和早石炭世晚期-晚石炭世,相应于古亚洲洋构造域发展的不同阶段,结束于早三叠世末.最后的间断面以后,东北南部和北部古生代地层进入同步发展.     

吉辽边界梅河口-开原地段晚海西-早印支期岩浆旋回及构造意义

本区已获晚海西-早印支期花岗岩类6件锆石高精度测年数据和两件继承锆石年龄,确定了其活动时限305~242 Ma,主体分属早中三叠世岩石序列、晚二叠世岩石序列、中二叠世岩石序列相应的岩石单元.小四平岩体的年龄及其被晚三叠世地层不整合覆盖,指明古亚洲洋构造域完成在242~228 Ma间.基于上述岩石年龄及形成构造环境和邻近地区磨拉石相发育的层位,揭示古吉黑造山带晚海西-早印支期构造运动或构造-岩浆旋回具有多幕式的递进演化模式,并受显生宙泛大陆旋回所制约.     

雷州半岛红树林边缘效应及其对海岸有机碳库的影响

作为滨海湿地与邻近海区之间物质循环、能量和物种流动及其相互作用的重要界面,红树林的边缘效应对研究海陆生态系统相互作用,滨海湿地生物地貌形成过程以及海岸带有机碳库分布格局等方面的具有重要意义。文章以雷州半岛东岸红树林4种典型地貌分布区为重点,通过调查红树林前缘光滩,林缘及林内植被及土壤理化特征的变化,探讨红树林边缘效应的表现及其对土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明,不同地貌类型红树林边界区的群落结构及土壤理化因子分布特征有所不同。边界区群落特征表现为林缘的冠层低于林内,叶面积指数低于林内,物种丰富度林内高于林缘(除河口区外),且林缘的植被盖度受风浪影响显著,表现出河口区>内湾区>岛屿区>前沿浪击区。土壤理化性质边缘效应表现为林缘的pH值、粒度低于光滩,氧化还原电位、盐度高于光滩(除内湾区外),而林内的土壤理化性质波动较大,可能受林缘植被演替及地貌双重影响。不同地貌单元红树林边界区的土壤表层有机碳含量,有机碳密度均表现为林内>林缘>光滩。综合影响表层土壤有机碳的主要生物及非生物因子进行主成分分析和相关分析,结果显示土壤表层有机碳密度与环境第一主成分呈显著负相关,即受植被盖度,叶面积指数和土壤pH因子影响密切。红树林土壤有机碳沉积虽然受到不同水文地貌的影响,但总体而言,红树林初级生产输入和土壤酸性环境对红树林林下土壤有机碳库的富存贡献显著。     

更新世以来南海表层水温变化及其古气候意义

南海南部2Ma以来古温度记录显示该海域更新世以来海水表层温度的不断降低,并且以冰期降低为特征,间冰期温度变化不大。南海南北经向表层海水温差的大小,反映了东亚冬季风的强弱变化,2 Ma以来的温差变化说明东亚冬季风在中更新世之前的持续强化,中更新世之后不断减弱,而在晚第四纪时又再次转为增强,同时叠加在长期变化趋势之上的是轨道时间尺度上冰期增强间冰期减弱的循环波动。青藏高原构造作用可能对中更新世时期东亚冬季风强化产生重要影响,而更新世以来东亚冬季风变化的整体趋势及轨道尺度变化主要受全球冰量变化和低纬ENSO影响。     

Parrotfish mediation in coral mortality and bioerosion by the encrusting,excavating sponge Cliona tenuis

The parrotfish Sparisoma viride often grazes live coral from edges undermined by the Caribbean encrusting and excavating sponge Cliona tenuis. To test whether parrotfish biting action has an effect on the dynamics of the sponge–coral interaction, we manipulated access of parrotfishes to the sponge–coral border in two species of massive corals. When parrotfish had access to the border, C. tenuis advanced significantly more slowly into the coral Siderastrea siderea than into the coral Diploria strigosa. When fish bites were prevented, sponge spread into S. siderea was further slowed down but remained the same for D. strigosa. Additionally, a thinner layer of the outer coral skeleton was removed by bioerosion when fish were excluded, a condition more pronounced in D. strigosa than in S. siderea. Thus, the speed of sponge‐spread and the extent of bioerosion by parrotfish was coral species‐dependent. It is hypothesized that coral skeleton architecture is the main variable associated with such dependency. Cliona tenuis spread is slow when undermining live S. siderea owing to the coral’s compact skeleton. The coral’s smooth and hard surface promotes a wide and shallow parrotfish bite morphology, which allows the sponge to overgrow the denuded area and thus advance slightly faster. On the less compact skeleton of the brain coral, D. strigosa, sponge spread is more rapid. This coral’s rather uneven surface sustains narrower and deeper parrotfish bites which do not facilitate the already fast sponge progress. Parrotfish corallivory thus acts synergistically with C. tenuis to further harm corals whose skeletal architecture slows sponge lateral spread. In addition, C. tenuis also appears to mediate the predator–prey fish–coral interaction by attracting parrotfish biting.     

Warming and depth convergence of the Arctic Intermediate Water in the Canada Basin during 1985-2006

The warming of the Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) is studied based on the analyses of hydrographic observations in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean during 1985-2006. It is shown that how the anomalously warm AIW spreads in the Canada Basin during the observation time through the analysis of the AIW temperature spatial distribution in different periods. The results indicate that by 2006, the entire Canada Basin has almost been covered by the warming AIW. In order to study interannual variability of the AIW in the Canada Basin, the Canada Basin is divided into five regions according to the bottom topography. From the interannual variation of AIW temperature in each region, it is shown that a cooling period follows after the warming event in upstream regions. At the Chukchi Abyssal Plain and Chukchi Plateau, upstream of the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current (ACBC) in the Canada Basin, the AIW temperature reached maximum and then started to fall respectively in 2000 and 2002. However, the AIW in the Canada Abyssal Plain and Beaufort Sea continues to warm monotonically until the year 2006. Furthermore, it is revealed that there is convergence of the AIW depth in the five different regions of the Canada Basin when the AIW warming occurs during observation time. The difference of AIW depth between the five regions of the Canada Basin is getting smaller and smaller, all approaching 410 m in recent years. The results show that depth convergence is related to the variation of AIW potential density in the Canada Basin.     

牙鲆与夏鲆杂交及回交子代胚胎发育及早期生长比较

通过人工授精技术对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus )和夏鲆( Paralichthys dentatus )进行了正反交及回交实验,并比较了正反交、回交子代的胚胎发育时序和仔稚幼鱼的生长.结果表明:孵化水温18.0±0.5℃下,初孵仔鱼破膜用时为:牙鲆41 h,正交鲆47 h,回交牙鲆42 h30 min,回交夏鲆44 h;16.5±0.5℃下,夏鲆61 h 40 min,反交鲆66 h.正交及两组回交子代在胚胎期均可正常发育.反交子代卵裂期出现异常,仅少数胚胎可以孵化.胚胎孵化后,在1~64日的培养过程中,反交鲆于3~4 d 内全部死亡,回交牙鲆发育至18日龄时全部死亡.正交鲆和回交夏鲆可正常发育,与牙鲆没有明显差别     

急性盐度胁迫对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性和渗透压的影响

研究了水环境急性盐度胁迫对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)幼鱼鳃Na+-K+-ATP(NKA)酶活力,血清、鳃丝和肾脏渗透压的影响.结果表明:将幼鱼从盐度30(对照)中直接转移至盐度5、10、15、20、25、35水体中,96 h后无死亡.各盐度处理组的鳃NKA酶活性和血清渗透压在最初72 h内出现一定波动,随后变化平稳.试验结束时(96 h),NKA活性随盐度梯度呈"U"型分布,盐度35处理的酶活高于其他处理,盐度20处理活性最低.各处理的血清渗透压大小在96 h时,随着盐度的变化,以盐度15、20为中心,呈对称变化,在盐度20后随盐度上升呈先上升后下降的趋势.相同盐度的鳃渗透压随时间变化呈先上升后下降逐渐稳定的趋势.肾渗透压除盐度5、10处理外,其他盐度组随时间没有显著变化,维持一定的稳定性.说明卵形鲳鲹幼鱼在生理上具有广盐性鱼类的"高渗环境高NKA活性"特征,有较强的渗透压调节与平衡能力.