再考查深成岩体侵位作用

以前有关深成岩体的侵位研究都试图解释岩体侵位空间如何形成。事实上，幔源岩浆侵位期间在地壳中“制造空间”的途径不外乎；（１）莫霍面降低；（２）地球表面外移。其它的“岩体侵位机制”均是不增加地壳体积的物质迁移作用（ＭＴＰｓ）。得到广泛引用的“同心带状气球膨胀岩体”侵位时的ＭＴＰｓ是岩体附近围岩的韧性流动。这类深成岩体附近可能形成的构造和总应变与岩体的三维形态、接触变质带的宽度以及岩体是否为刺穿底辟有关     

祁连山多年冻土区天然气水合物的形成条件

祁连山多年冻土区面积约10×104km2,年平均地表地温为-1.5～-2.4℃,冻土层厚度为50～139m.区内侏罗纪小型含煤盆地广布,产有丰富的煤层气.南祁连盆地是一潜在的油气盆地,存在下石炭统臭牛沟组、下二叠统草地沟组、中三叠统大加连组、上三叠统尕勒得寺组4套烃源岩,具有良好的生油生气潜力.在木里煤田33号钻孔的冻土层内发现有连续逸出的高含量烃类气体,井口点燃即可燃烧,简易采气分析结果表明甲烷含量高达38.07%～75.9%.根据该钻孔的气体组分、年平均地表地温、冻土层厚度、地温梯度等数据分析,这里基本具备形成天然气水合物的温压条件,计算结果显示水合物稳定带的顶界和底界埋深分别为171 m和574m,稳定带厚度为403m.     

Historical and ecological analysis of coral communities in Castle Harbour (Bermuda) after more than a century of environmental perturbation

The coral reefs in Bermuda's Castle Harbour basin have been subjected to varying anthropogenic stressors for over 100 years. These include restriction of water flow through the construction of a causeway in the late 19th century and an extensive dredging and land reclamation operation during World War II. In the 1970s, disposal of bulk waste commenced at a foreshore reclamation site in Castle Harbour. Since 1996 the waste stream has included blocks of cement-stabilized municipal incinerator ash. This study provides a historical and quantitative ecological review of the Castle Habour reef ecosystem as a case study, assessing the responses of the reef to more than a century of anthropogenic disturbance. Measures of the coral community, flow rates, turbidity and sedimentary regimes suggest the present structure of the coral community largely reflects the impacts of the historic dredge and fill operations prior to the establishment of the foreshore dump site. Recent increases in the abundance of some sediment tolerant, massive reef-building coral species (Diploria strigosa and Montastraea cavernosa) suggest adaptation to chronic sediment stress.     

Mapping water quality and substrate cover in optically complex coastal and reef waters: an integrated approach

Sustainable management of coastal and coral reef environments requires regular collection of accurate information on recognized ecosystem health indicators. Satellite image data and derived maps of water column and substrate biophysical properties provide an opportunity to develop baseline mapping and monitoring programs for coastal and coral reef ecosystem health indicators. A significant challenge for satellite image data in coastal and coral reef water bodies is the mixture of both clear and turbid waters. A new approach is presented in this paper to enable production of water quality and substrate cover type maps, linked to a field based coastal ecosystem health indicator monitoring program, for use in turbid to clear coastal and coral reef waters. An optimized optical domain method was applied to map selected water quality (Secchi depth, Kd PAR, tripton, CDOM) and substrate cover type (seagrass, algae, sand) parameters. The approach is demonstrated using commercially available Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data over a coastal embayment exhibiting the range of substrate cover types and water quality conditions commonly found in sub-tropical and tropical coastal environments. Spatially extensive and quantitative maps of selected water quality and substrate cover parameters were produced for the study site. These map products were refined by interactions with management agencies to suit the information requirements of their monitoring and management programs.     

青海祁连山冻土区发现天然气水合物

祁连山冻土区位于青藏高原北缘,多年冻土面积约10×10~4km~2,具有良好的天然气水合物形成条件和找矿前景.2008～2009年间中国地质调查局在青海省天峻县木里煤田聚乎更矿区施工"祁连山冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探工程",迄今共完成钻探试验井4口,总进尺2059.13m,分别在DK-1、DK-2和DK-3钻井中钻获天然气水合物实物样品,取得了找矿工作的重大突破.天然气水合物产于冻土层之下,埋深133～396m.水合物呈白色、乳白色晶体,点火能燃烧,红外热像仪测温后呈明显的低温异常,放进水里强烈冒泡,水合物分解后能不断冒出气泡和水滴,并残留下特征的蜂窝状构造.激光拉曼光谱仪检测呈现特征的水合物光谱曲线,测井曲线也具有较明显的高电阻率和高波速标志.祁连山天然气水合物具有冻土层薄、埋深浅、气体组分复杂、以煤层气成因为主等明显特征,是一种新类型水合物.这是我国冻土区首次钻获的天然气水合物实物样品,也是全球首次在中低纬度高山冻土区发现天然气水合物实物样品,具有重要的科学意义和经济意义.     

祁连山冻土区含天然气水合物层段的油气显示现象

以祁连山冻土区天然气水合物钻孔DK-2孔为例,对含油气显示岩心样品进行了储集岩热解分析,结合野外观察到的含油气显示现象,讨论了油气显示性质及其对水合物的可能指示意义。野外观察到的油迹、油斑、油浸、油染等不同级别油气显示现象大多产出在细砂岩、中砂岩中,部分产出在粉砂质泥岩夹薄层碳酸盐岩接触面及裂隙中,它们均得到室内储集岩热解分析结果的证实。油气显示所指示原油性质以中质油、重质油为主,少部分为超重油,甚至为沥青。钻孔中油气显示现象与水合物密切伴生,特别是水合物产出深度段或下部常见具中质油特征的油气显示,或可作为水合物一种指示。     

SAGD技术应用于陆域冻土天然气水合物开采中的理论研究

天然气水合物被誉为最有研究价值和开采价值的清洁能源,已经成为当今世界能源研究的热点。但到目前为止还未形成成熟稳定的天然气水合物开采技术体系,仍处于研究和试采阶段。陆域冻土天然气水合物开采与海域天然气水合物开采相比相对比较容易,在钻进过程中能够形成较稳定的孔壁。天然气水合物开采的主要方法有热激法、降压法、置换法和化学抑制剂法。SAGD（Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage）技术也叫蒸汽辅助重力驱油技术,在重油、油砂开采中得到了迅速发展,取得了非常有效的成果,被认为是目前重油开采最有效的方法。对SAGD技术应用到陆域冻土天然气水合物开采中进行理论分析研究,经过分析发现将SAGD技术应用到天然气水合物开采中是可行的,但确定两口水平井之间的距离是关键,且在应用时要将上部井变为生产井,下部井变为注汽井。     

天然气水合物试采对接井卡钻事故分析与处理

2016年,在青海木里盆地顺利完成了陆域天然气水合物试采工作,首次将对接井技术应用于天然气水合物试采,取得了显著的效果。钻井区域复杂地层给对接井钻井施工带来了极大的难度与风险,钻井过程中多次出现卡钻现象,本文主要介绍了天然气水合物试采对接井钻井过程中遇到的卡钻事故,并对主要卡钻原因进行了详细分析,给出了相应的解卡措施。     

深孔地质岩心（样）钻探技术面临的技术问题

实现深部找矿及找矿突破战略目标的主要手段是采用高效、低耗的钻探取样技术,而绳索取心钻探技术是当前难以替代的综合效益最好的地质找矿钻探技术。分析了绳索取心钻探技术面临的主要技术难题：钻杆断裂问题,坍塌缩径地层的适应性问题,内管总成投放打捞可靠性问题,以及提高金刚石钻头寿命问题,并提出了解决这些问题的措施和建议。