Accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in clams （Ruditapes philippinarum） in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Accumulation and distributions of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals were measured in tissues of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum collected from 5 sites in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. The concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbon and PAHs ranged from 570 to 2 574 ng/gdw (gram dry weight) and from 276 to 939 ng/gdw, in the most and least polluted sites, respectively. The bio-accumulation of hydrocarbons and PAHs in the clams appeared to be selective. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were predominantly represented by short chain (<nC₂₃) n-alkanes, suggesting that petroleum hydrocarbons were likely the major contamination source. The selective uptake of 3 and 4 ring PAHs, such as naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene, by the clams was probably related to the physiological and bio-kinetic processes that were energetically favorable for uptake of compounds with fewer rings. Accumulation of the metals Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg, and As in the clam tissues also showed high variability, ranging from 0.043 to 87 μg/gdw. Among the 7 detected metals, Zn, Cd, Cu, and As had a particularly high potential of accumulation in R. philippinarum. In general, a positive correlation was found between the tissue concentrations and sediment concentrations of hydrocarbons and of some metals. Our study suggests that moderate contamination with polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and low to moderate contamination with metals, currently exists for clam R. philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay, in comparison with other regional studies. A long-term monitoring program is certainly needed for assessment of the potential ecological influence and toxicity of these contaminants of R. philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay.     

Distribution of the nonlinear random ocean wave period

Because of the intrinsic difficulty in determining distributions for wave periods, previous studies on wave period distribution models have not taken nonlinearity into account and have not performed well in terms of describing and statistically analyzing the probability density distribution of ocean waves. In this study, a statistical model of random waves is developed using Stokes wave theory of water wave dynamics. In addition, a new nonlinear probability distribution function for the wave period is presented with the parameters of spectral density width and nonlinear wave steepness, which is more reasonable as a physical mechanism. The magnitude of wave steepness determines the intensity of the nonlinear effect, while the spectral width only changes the energy distribution. The wave steepness is found to be an important parameter in terms of not only dynamics but also statistics. The value of wave steepness reflects the degree that the wave period distribution skews from the Cauchy distribution, and it also describes the variation in the distribution function, which resembles that of the wave surface elevation distribution and wave height distribution. We found that the distribution curves skew leftward and upward as the wave steepness increases. The wave period observations for the SZFII-1 buoy, made off the coast of Weihai (37°27.6′ N, 122°15.1′ E), China, are used to verify the new distribution. The coefficient of the correlation between the new distribution and the buoy data at different spectral widths (ν=0.3−0.5) is within the range of 0.968 6 to 0.991 7. In addition, the Longuet-Higgins (1975) and Sun (1988) distributions and the new distribution presented in this work are compared. The validations and comparisons indicate that the new nonlinear probability density distribution fits the buoy measurements better than the Longuet-Higgins and Sun distributions do. We believe that adoption of the new wave period distribution would improve traditional statistical wave theory.     

复合酸化剂对鲤生长及消化酶活性的影响

在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)基础饲料中,分别添加不同梯度的复合酸化剂(质量分数分别为0、0.2%、0.3%),研究复合酸化剂对其生长和消化酶活性的影响。结果表明:1)添加复合酸化剂显著(P<0.05)提高鲤鱼的相对增重率、特定生长率、饵料转化效率、饲料蛋白质效率以及饲料蛋白质沉积率等生长性能指标;2)添加质量分数0.3%的复合酸化剂时,鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠和中肠的蛋白酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),酸化剂组的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性有升高的趋势,但与对照组差异不显著;3)鱼体的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、水分、肥满度及内脏比等品质指标在各组间差异不显著。综上所述,鲤鱼饲料中添加以柠檬酸、乳酸、磷酸等为主的复合酸化剂,可显著提高鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠和中肠的蛋白酶活性,促进鲤鱼生长。     

帕劳群岛附近海域延绳钓渔场大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)的环境偏好

2005年8—12月,利用金枪鱼延绳钓渔船对帕劳群岛附近海域进行调查,研究大眼金枪鱼的环境偏好。所获数据包括:①温度、盐度、溶解氧垂直分布,测定的钓钩深度;②作业参数;③渔场气象数据;④渔获统计数据。分析方法和步骤为:①应用逐步回归的方法,建立钓钩预测深度计算模型;②根据温度、盐度、溶解氧垂直分布曲线、预测深度、取样数据,利用统计和聚类分析的方法分析大眼金枪鱼的环境偏好。结果表明:①在帕劳群岛附近海域,大眼金枪鱼偏好的水层为180.0—219.9m、水温范围为11.0—12.9℃、盐度范围为34.50—34.99、溶解氧范围为3.00—3.99mg/L;②一般情况下,水温及其体温的变化决定成熟大眼金枪鱼的活动水层,其偏好的水温为10.0—14.0℃;③大眼金枪鱼的适盐性较广;④溶解氧高于门限值(0.8mg/L)时,大眼金枪鱼的分布由其它环境因子决定。     

泉州湾赤潮藻类优势种演替影响因子探讨

于2006年5—11月对东海泉州湾赤潮监控区设定4个采样站位,进行赤潮常规监测。结果表明,泉州湾藻类优势种由中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、太平洋海链藻(Thalassiosira pacifica)、微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)及旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)等赤潮生物组成,虽然中肋骨条藻为最主要的优势种,但有3个站位出现了上述优势种的演替。通过深入分析该海域水质营养盐含量及组成结构的动态变化对赤潮藻类优势种演替的影响,发现由于不同的赤潮藻类种群具有各自的生态习性及适应环境的生长增殖策略,海域水质营养盐含量和组成结构的变化,会引起赤潮藻类种群增殖竞争力间强弱的相对变化,而种群增殖竞争力强的种类有可能迅速增殖取代原有的优势种而演替为新的优势种,这是一个动态的过程。     

海洋地质档案信息资源管理社会化服务模式构建

随着信息技术的飞速发展,通过信息技术手段,建立海洋地质档案信息资源管理社会化服务模式,实现信息资源共享。对海洋档案信息资源管理社会化服务模式构建做了探讨。     

纸介质档案数字化--提高海洋档案管理水准的重要环节

纸介质档案数字化已成为海洋地质档案事业发展的趋势,是提高海洋档案管理水准的重要环节。纸介质档案数字化是海洋地质档案馆馆藏档案数字化建设工作的基础,虽然在档案界不是创新的工作,但对于一个海洋科研单位,能开展此项工作,也是对海洋地质档案事业发展所走出的重要一步。     

GPS卫星原子钟频率稳定度表征方法分析

原子钟频率稳定度的表征通常在时域和频域进行,而对于“尺度域”小波方差表征方法的分析研究较少。对该方法进行系统归纳总结的基础上,给出时域尺度域两类不同表征方法的实用计算公式及其置信度计算方法,通过对各种方差特性的比较分析,指出其适用范围。分析表明：时域系列方差计算简单、直接,各具特点,可以满足不同的实际需要;尺度域的小波方差是一种具有独特优越性的新方法,但可以达到时域表征方法的效果,适用于进行原子钟频率稳定度的估计。     

一种高阶Delaunay三角网生成算法

Delaunay三角剖分是构建数字地形模型的有效方法,但是该方法可能产生人工大坝和局部极小问题,使得地形模型不能很好地反映原始地形的真实面貌。本文在Delaunay三角网的基础上引入了高阶Delaunay三角网,并给出了一种高阶Delaunay三角网生成算法。实验表明,高阶Delaunay三角网能够有效地减少地形的局部极小数量,是建立数字高程模型的一种新方法。因此,采用高阶Delaunay三角网建立的地形模型更接近于实际地形。     

基于云理论、粗集和模糊神经网络的区域橡胶种植适宜度评估模型

针对橡胶种植适宜性评估,基于云理论、粗集理论和模糊神经网络理论,提出了一种适宜度评估模型。该模型将转化的样本数据进行粗集简约,通过模糊神经网络得出评价因子的隶属函数,计算评价等级。研究结果表明,此模型能够科学、快速、准确地分析出橡胶种植最适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区和不适宜区。