Composition and distribution of beach debris in Orange County, California

Many studies have quantified debris collected on beaches around the world. Only a few of those studies have been conducted in the United States, and they are largely limited to semi-quantitative efforts performed as part of volunteer clean-up activities. This study quantifies the distribution and composition of beach debris by sampling 43 stratified random sites on the Orange County, California coast, from August to September 1998. We estimated that approximately 106 million items, weighing 12 metric tons, occur on Orange County beaches. The most abundant items were pre-production plastic pellets, foamed plastics, and hard plastics. Debris density on the remote rocky shoreline was greater than that on high-use sandy beaches for most debris items. This finding partially reflects the periodic clean-up of high-use beaches by local municipalities, and also indicates that a high percentage of the observed debris was transported to the site from waterborne sources.     

冀东朱杖子群变质作用特征分析

冀东前寒武纪变质岩系出露于燕山台褶带中部,区域上构成一个东起山海关,西至遵化、兴隆一带近东西向的条带隆起区,面积约10000km~2。前人将这一古老隆起区分为两个构造区和七个亚区: Ⅰ迁安隆起(麻粒岩相)区Ⅰ—1迁安——迁西断块隆起亚区Ⅰ—2遵化——马兰峪隆起亚区     

Cycle anatomy and variability in the storm-dominated type cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician): coming to grips with cycle delineation and genesis

Although parasequence and sequence are scale-independent terms, they are frequently applied only to specific scales of cycles. For example, meter-scale cycles are commonly assumed to be parasequences or PACs. In the Upper Ordovician Kope and Fairview Formations of northern Kentucky, we examined a succession of 50 meter-scale cycles that have been variously interpreted as deepening-upward, shallowing-upward, or showing no relationship with water depth. Our analysis shows that these cycles, characterized by shifts in storm-bed proximality, are highly variable in their thickness and internal construction. Most cycles are best considered high-frequency sequences, because deepening-upward intervals are common, and many cycles contain evidence of abrupt basinward shifts in facies as expected at sequence boundaries. A minority fit the parasequence model of shallowing-upward cycles bounded by flooding surfaces. Larger, 20 m scale cycles are defined by systematic thickening and thinning trends of meter-scale cycles. However, meter-scale cycles do not display any systematic trends in cycle anatomy as a function of position within the 20 m cycles or position within the Kope and Fairview Formations. The high cycle variability and the lack of systematic stratigraphic organization with respect to longer-term cyclicity reflect either the irregularity of relative sea-level changes, the poor recording of sea-level changes in this deep-water setting, or the generation of these cycles by climate-induced cyclicity in storm intensity. These three mechanisms would generate similar patterns at the outcrop scale, so it is not possible at the present to distinguish between them.     

森林分水岭溶解有机碳循环—碳同位素探索

溶解有机碳(DOC)对酸感淡水系统的酸基化学,复合,流动,持久性金属中毒及其它污染物质很重要,同时对湖水碳的新陈代谢也很重要。碳同位素(~(13)C和~(14)C)在中部安大略被用来研究软水集水的发源,输送及DOC的清除。降水、土壤过滤,地下水,小溪,水獭池以及湖水和沉积水均具有化学性和同位素性。除总DOC外,已对腐殖和水溶性腐植馏分进行了同位素测量.湖是DOC的净渗坑。△~(14)C结果显示大部分DOC在小溪,湖泊和湿地中的周转时间很快,但少于40年;与酸贮存时间规模一样,地下水中DOC含旧碳量比地上水多,这表明了上土区或蓄水层DOC的深循环。     

大比例尺航测全数字化成图初探与体会

本文介绍了采用航测全数字化成图方法测制城市大比例尺地形图的施测技术方案和成图情况,对进行城市大比例尺航测数字化成图具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

Natural attenuation of septic system nitrogen by anammox

On-site disposal of sewage in septic systems can lead to groundwater plumes with NO(3)(-)-N concentrations exceeding the common drinking water limit of 10 mg/L. Currently, denitrification is considered as the principal natural attenuation process. However, at a large seasonal-use septic system in Ontario (256 campsites), a suboxic zone exists where nitrogen removal of up to 80% occurs including removal of NH(4)(+)-N. This zone has both NO(3)(-)-N and NH(4)(+)-N at >5 mg/L each. In the distal NH(4)(+)-rich zone, NH(4)(+)-N concentrations (8.1 ± 8.0 mg/L) are lower than in the proximal zone (48 ± 36 mg/L) and NH(4)(+)-N is isotopically enriched (concentration-weighted mean δ(15)N of +15.7‰) compared to the proximal zone (+7.8‰). Furthermore, δ(15)N-NH(4)(+) isotopic enrichment increases with depth in the distal zone, which is opposite to what would result if nitrification along the water table zone was the mechanism causing NH(4)(+) depletion. Bacterial community composition was assessed with molecular (DNA-based) analysis and demonstrated that groundwater bacterial populations were predominantly composed of bacteria from two Candidatus genera of the Planctomycetales (Brocadia and Jettenia). Together, these data provide strong evidence that anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) plays an important role in nitrogen attenuation at this site.