Assessing the suitability of OSPAR EcoQOs for eutrophication vs ICES criteria for England and Wales

This paper provides a preliminary evaluation of the suitability of OSPAR Ecological Quality objectives for eutrophication for coastal and offshore waters of England and Wales on the basis of ICES criteria. In principle, EcoQOs are easy to understand, but responses to nutrient enrichment are complex. Few studies provide unequivocal evidence of links between inputs and response. Monitoring is generally feasible and in place, but needs to be improved. The best EcoQO is winter nutrient concentrations. Chlorophyll concentrations are a good indicator in environments susceptible to nutrient enrichment. The EcoQO for zoobenthos/fish kills potentially meets all criteria for a good indicator; EcoQOs for phytoplankton indicator species, oxygen concentrations and zoobenthos changes do not. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on seasonal effects of nutrient inputs and phytoplankton response, natural susceptibility of different water bodies, differences between coastal and offshore environments, and developing longer time series of data.     

Measurement of Charge Exchange and X-Ray Emission Cross Sections for Solar Wind-Comet Interactions

X-ray emission from a comet was observed for the first time in 1996. One of the mechanisms believed to be contributing to this surprisingly strong emission is the interaction of highly charged solar wind ions with cometary gases. Reported herein are total absolute charge-exchange and normalized line-emission (X-ray) cross sections for collisions of high-charge state (+3 to +10) C, N, O, and Ne ions with the cometary species H2O and CO2. It is found that in several cases the double charge-exchange cross sections can be large, and in the case of C3+ they are equal to those for single charge exchange. Present results are compared to cross section values used in recent comet models. The importance of applying accurate cross sections, including double charge exchange, to obtain absolute line-emission intensities is emphasized.     

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in riverine and estuarine sediments of the Pearl River Delta in southern China, with emphasis on spatial variability in diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution of HBCD

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were measured in surface sediments in the Pearl River Delta, southern China. The concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 304 ng/g dry weight for TBBPA and from 0.03 to 31.6 ng/g for total HBCD. The correlations between the TBBPA and HBCD concentrations were significant in rivers (Dongjiang, Zhujiang, Beijiang, and Dayanhe Rivers) with local input sources but not significant in the Xijiang River and Pearl River Estuary without local sources. HBCD was dominated by γ-HBCD (averaged 52.5-75.0%), whereas α-HBCD contributions were relatively high in sediments from the urban areas. The enantiomeric fractions of γ-HBCD in the sediments (averaged from 0.431 ± 0.035 to 0.479 ± 0.010) differed significantly from that in HBCD technical product except for samples from the e-waste area (Dayanhe River, 0.488 ± 0.091). This suggests that enantioselective biotransformation of HBCD occurs in the aquatic environment in this region.     

能值理论及其在环境管理中的应用

文章介绍了能值理论的发展历程、基本概念和原理,并对美国波多黎各地区(PuertoRico)退化森林生态系统6种不同恢复重建措施进行了能值投入和产出分析,结果表明每公顷货币成本分别以经济林最高(9712＄),自然演替林次之(1620＄),外来物种入侵林最低(1217＄);能量转换效率即能值转换率分别以涵养林最高(5.5×104sej/J),自然演替林次之(3.9×104sej/J),外来物种自发入侵林最低(2.0×104sej/J);能值货币价值以自然演替林最高(4006Em＄),经济林次之(3044Em＄),外来物种自发入侵最低(1554Em＄)。     

荒漠化重建地区土壤有机碳时空动态特征--以陕西省榆林市为例

以陕西省榆林市这一典型区为例探讨干旱、半干旱荒漠化重建地区SOC时空动态特征及其驱动因素。数据基础为1982年土壤普查和2003年重复采样。结果表明:(1) 在耕层(0~20 cm)、1 m深(0~100 cm) 和全剖面(母质层以上整个土体) 等三个剖面层次上,土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)和储量(SOCS)时空动态分异明显,其中耕层最为显著。(2) 在区域水平上,耕层、1 m深和全剖面SOCS分别增加10.12 Gg、19.06 Gg和20.10 Gg,其中东南部丘陵沟壑区显著高于西北部风沙草滩区。(3) 在土类水平上,风沙土类中各土种SOCD及其变化悬殊,其中流动风沙土和半固定风沙土SOCD最低、增加量最小,固定风沙土初始SOCD最高、减少量最大;反之,黄绵土类中各土种SOCD较高,增加量显著。该研究证明植树造林种草、可持续农业耕垦等土地利用和管理方式的变更能显著提高荒漠化地区土壤固碳能力。     

Geochemical tracers to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on river salinization

The salinization of rivers, as indicated by salinity increases in the downstream direction, is characteristic of arid and semiarid regions throughout the world. Historically, salinity increases have been attributed to various mechanisms, including (1) evaporation and concentration during reservoir storage, irrigation, and subsequent reuse; (2) displacement of shallow saline ground water during irrigation; (3) erosion and dissolution of natural deposits; and/or (4) inflow of deep saline and/or geothermal ground water (ground water with elevated water temperature). In this study, investigation of salinity issues focused on identification of relative salinity contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources in the Lower Rio Grande in the New Mexico-Texas border region. Based on the conceptual model of the system, the various sources of water and, therefore, salinity to the Lower Rio Grande were identified, and a sampling plan was designed to characterize these sources. Analysis results for boron (delta(11)B), sulfur (delta(34)S), oxygen (delta(18)O), hydrogen (delta(2)H), and strontium ((87)Sr/(86)Sr) isotopes, as well as basic chemical data, confirmed the hypothesis that the dominant salinity contributions are from deep ground water inflow to the Rio Grande. The stable isotopic ratios identified the deep ground water inflow as distinctive, with characteristic isotopic signatures. These analyses indicate that it is not possible to reproduce the observed salinization by evapotranspiration and agricultural processes alone. This investigation further confirms that proper application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers can be used to identify and constrain multiple sources of solutes in complex river systems.     

PAHs contamination and bacterial communities in mangrove surface sediments of the Jiulong River Estuary, China

Sixteen sediment samples collected from eight transects in a mangrove swamp of the Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian, China were investigated for their content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the biodegradation potential of the indigenous microorganisms. The bacterial community structures in the mangrove sediments and in enrichment cultures were also investigated. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration of mangrove sediments ranged from 280 to 1074 ng g(-1) dry weight, that the PAHs composition pattern in the mangrove sediments was dominated by high molecular weight PAH components (4-6 rings), and that Benzo[ghi]perylene and Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were the most dominant at different stations. Abundant PAH-degrading bacteria were found in all the stations, the values of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.85 x 10(4) to 7.80 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight, fluoranthene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.25 x 10(4) to 5.79 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight, pyrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 3.10 x 10(4) to 6.97 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight and the benzo(a)pyrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.25 x 10(4) to 7.26 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight. DGGE analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments confirmed that there was a remarkable shift in the composition of the bacterial community due to the addition of the different model PAH compound phenanthrene (three ring PAH), fluoranthene(four ring PAH), pyrene(four ring PAH) and benzo(a)pyrene(five ring PAH) during enrichment batch culture. Eleven strains were obtained with different morphology and different degradation ability. The presence of common bands for microbial species in the cultures and in the native mangrove sediment DNA indicated that these strains could be potential in situ PAH-degraders.     

Toxicogenomic analysis of immune system-related genes in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) exposed to heavy oil

Heavy oil contamination is one of the most important environmental issues. Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including immune toxicities, are well characterized, however, the immune toxic effects of heavy oil, as a complex mixture of PAHs, have not been investigated. In the present study, we selected Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) as a model organism, and observed alteration of immune function by the exposure to heavy oil. To analyze the expression profiles of immune system-related genes, we selected 309 cDNAs from our flounder EST library, and spotted them on a glass slide. Using this cDNA array, alteration of gene expression profiles was analyzed in the kidneys of flounders exposed to heavy oil. Six Japanese flounders (mean body weight: 197 g) were acclimated to laboratory conditions at 19-20 degrees C. Three fish were exposed to heavy oil C (bunker C) at a concentration of 3.8 g/L for 3 days, and the others were kept in seawater without heavy oil and used as the control. After the exposure period, the fish were transferred into control seawater and maintained for 4 days, and then they were dissected and their kidneys were removed. Total RNA was extracted from the kidney samples to use in gene expression analyses. The microarray detected alteration of immune system-related genes in the kidneys of heavy oil-exposed flounders, including down-regulation of immunoglobulin light chain, CD45, major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and macrophage colony-stimulating factor precursor, and up-regulation of interleukin-8 and lysozyme. These results suggest that pathogen resistance may be weakened in heavy oil-exposed fish, causing a subsequent bacterial infection, and then proinflammatory genes may be induced as a defensive response against the infection. Additionally, we found candidate genes for use as biomarkers of heavy oil exposure, such as N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 and heat shock cognate 71 kDa proteins.     

深成岩石和同源岩石的岩相标志——日本岛弧东北部岩手火山和利尻岛火山的某些火山岩中橄榄石和铬尖晶石间成分关系

橄榄石和铬尖晶石一般形成于原始岩浆早期沉淀相与可能是残留物质的地幔橄榄岩主要相内。地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石类的镁橄榄石(Fo)含量和铬尖晶石的Cr/(Cr+Al)原子比(=Cr~*)在Fo—Cr~*面中构成了一条狭窄的带(图1),该带称为“橄榄石—尖晶石地幔列阵(Arai,1987b)。橄榄石-尖晶石地幔列阵富Cr~*的一半和贫Cr~*的一半分别由二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩组成。很可能橄榄石-尖晶石地幔列阵是一些未亏损的橄榄岩(贫Fo和Cr~*的二辉橄榄岩)在连续岩浆萃取作用期间,残留下来的地幔尖晶石橄榄岩(Jaques和格林,1980;Arai,1987ab)。橄榄石和铬尖晶石一般形成于原始岩浆早期沉淀相与可能是残留物质的地幔橄榄岩主要相内。地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石类的镁橄榄石(Fo)含量和铬尖晶石的Cr/(Cr+Al)原子比(=Cr~*)在Fo—Cr~*面中构成了一条狭窄的带(图1),该带称为“橄榄石—尖晶石地幔列阵(Arai,1987b)。橄榄石-尖晶石地幔列阵富Cr~*的一半和贫Cr~*的一半分别由二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩组成。很可能橄榄石-尖晶石地幔列阵是一些未亏损的橄榄岩(贫Fo和Cr~*的二辉橄榄岩)在连续岩浆萃取作用期间,残留下来的地幔尖晶石橄榄岩(Jaques和格林,1980;Arai,1987ab)。相对原始的岩浆在Fo—Cr~*面有各自的分异趋势,分异是在橄榄石-尖晶石地幔列阵上或其附近开始的(Arai,1987a)。Fo—Cr~*面分异趋势开始的这些点上或其附近,橄榄石-尖晶石地幔列阵上的橄榄岩可能是原始岩浆残留的对应物。换句话说,Fo-Cr~*面上原始岩浆的分异趋势是在其残留橄榄岩上或其附近开始的。因为在物理条件如果没有多大变化的情况下,某些原始岩浆的残留相和最早沉淀相在化学成分上几乎是相同的。岛弧玄武质岩浆经过萃取之后,残留物质会是什么样的橄榄岩呢?Tatsumi等(1983)的实验已经表明日本岛弧东北的原始拉斑玄武岩可能与一些地幔方辉橄榄岩相应,而原生高铝和碱性橄榄玄武岩则可能与一些地幔二辉橄榄岩相应。我们想从日本岛弧东北地幔橄榄岩(=橄榄石—尖晶石地幔列阵)与第四纪火山的玄武质和安山质岩浆中橄榄石和铬尖晶石间的成分关系来探讨这个问题。我们选择了岩手火山和利尻岛火山进行研究。前者是火山前缘附近的典型火山之一,产岛弧拉斑玄武岩(Onuma,1962;Nakagawa,1987)。后者是利尻岛和大岛—大岛火山对之一,产碱性橄榄玄武岩(Katsui,1953;Katsui等,1979),位子俯冲洋板块之上约300公里。岩手火山岩的大量化学分析资料可参阅Onuma(1962)的著作,而利尻岛火山则可参考Katsui(1953)和Matsui(1967)的。岩石描述岩手火山的玄武岩和安山岩:我们测了1801、1802和1803三个样品。1801号采自Onigajo脊,属于Onuma(1962)的Onigajo熔岩流或Nakagawa(1987)的Onigajo火成碎屑岩。1802和1803采自Kurokura山以东,Ubakura山以西之间的鞍部,可能属于Onuma(1962)的Kurokura山熔岩流或Nakagawa(1987)的Ubakura山下部熔岩。这些熔岩属于Onuma(1962)的老火山期或Nakagawa(1987)的老岩手期。1801和1802号样为安山岩,含橄榄石、紫苏辉石、辉石、斜长石和磁铁矿斑晶,前者为粒间结构,后者为填间结构。1803号样为玄武岩,具橄榄石和斜长石斑晶,呈粒间结构。这些岩石的橄榄石斑晶常常有自形的铬尖晶石小包体(<50微米)。在新火山期的Yakehashiri安山岩(Onuma,1962)或新岩手期安山岩(Nakagawa,1987)中,橄榄石斑晶经常被斜方辉石反应边所包围。偶尔也见有铬尖晶石小包体。本次研究所测定的岩手火山岩中橄榄石斑晶呈半自形到他形,具不明显的分带。利尻岛火山玄武岩:调查了出露在Oniwaki附近的碱性橄榄玄武岩(样号RSR71404)。这种岩石属于利尻岛火山南侧寄生火山锥之一的Oniwaki-pon山喷发出来的熔岩流(Matsui等,1967)。该熔岩富含橄榄石斑晶,这种现象可能是晶体堆积的结果。薄片观察呈全晶质结构和不等粒结构。较大的晶体由橄榄石、辉石和斜长石构成,有时构成晶体团块。橄榄石呈自形,县明显分带,一般含微小的铬尖晶石包体(<50微米)。矿物化学共生的橄榄石和铬尖晶石(=铬尖晶石包体和主矿物橄榄石)是用JXA50A型电子探针分析的。橄榄石的成分变化:利尻岛火山和岩手火山的岩石里,甚至一块薄片内橄榄石的化学成分都有明显变化。两个火山的岩石中橄榄石的Fo含量总是低于86(表1,图2)。NiO和MnO的含量分别与Fo含量的变化一致和不一致。橄榄石的这种化学成分变化很可能是由一些更为原始的岩浆连续分异结晶作用所造成的。铬尖晶石的成分变化:尖晶石类的全部分析是扣除Fe_2 TiO_4(=钛尖晶石)的所有Ti原子后,按尖晶石的化学理想配比重新计算的。铬尖晶石成分变化甚至在一块薄片中也很明显。岩手火山:TiO_2含量变化从0.4—3.7(重量百分比),并与Fe~(3+)/(Cr+Al+Fe~(3+))的比成正相关(图3)。Cr~*相对稳定,尽管Fe~(3+)/(Cr+Al+Fe~(3+))的比值变化较大,但几乎所有的Cr~*值都在 0.40—0.55内(图2、4,表1)。Mg/(Mg+Fe~(2+))的原子比变化从0.35—0.59,与Cr~*的变化成负相关(图5)。铬尖晶石的Fe~(3+)/(Cr+Al+Fe~(3+))原子比随共生橄榄石Fo含量的减少而迅速增加(图6)。1802号样中一个橄榄石大斑晶(7×3毫米),成分为Fo_(80-81),其中有几个铬尖晶石包体,其Cr~*变化很大。当共生橄榄石的Fo>82时(图2)铬尖晶石的Cr~*与Fo含量成负相关。利尻岛火山:铬尖晶石的TiO_2含量随Fe~(3+)/(Cr+Al+Fe~(3+))值(图3)的增加而迅速地从0.7增加到3.5(重量百分比)。尽管Fe~(3+)/(Cr+Al+Fe~(3+))值变化很大,但Cr~*并没有变化(图2和4,表1)。Cr~*与Mg/(Mg+Fe~(3+))原子比成负相关(图5)。铬尖晶石Fe~(3+)/(Cr+Al+Fe~(3+))原子比随共生橄榄石Fo含量的减少而迅速增加(图6)。铬尖晶石的Cr~*随共生橄榄石Fo含量的减少而增加,在Fo—Cr~*面上表现出分异趋势(图2)。值得注意地是当Fe~(3+)含量十分低时,利尻岛火山玄武岩中铬尖晶石的钛含量比岩手火山岩中的Ti含量高(图3)。重要的是岩手火山岩中铬尖晶石的Cr~*通常比利尻岛火山玄武岩中的高[图2和3(可能为5—译者)]。岩手橄榄石-尖晶石在Fo—Cr~*面上的分异趋势不明显,但是比利尻岛橄榄石-尖晶石更富Cr~*(图2)。讨论利尻岛尖晶石Ti的含量比岩手尖晶石高,这与大多数化学成分关系是一致的,岛弧拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩分别以低钛和高钛为特征。图2所示,利尻岛火山和岩手火山岩浆分异趋势富镁端远离橄榄石-尖晶石地幔列阵。这个事实说明两种岩浆都多少有点分异的特征。尽管推断性较大,但图2中的两种分异趋势还是可以推断橄榄石-尖晶石地幔列阵的二辉橄榄岩范围。因为铬尖晶石的Cr~*没有随岩浆的结晶而突然变化(Arai,1987a),这与实验结果是相矛盾的(Tatsumi等,1983),甚至于岩手的原始岩浆与地幔方辉橄榄岩可能不相当(图1和2)。然而,岩手拉斑玄武岩萃取作用以后,二辉橄榄岩更为亏损的特征与Tatsumi等(1983)的实验结果是一致的。岩手火山岛弧拉斑玄武岩(或安山岩)铬尖晶石比某些典型的原始岛弧拉斑玄武岩(如Ramsay等1984;Johnson等,1985;Falloon和格林,1986)或某些蛇绿岩玄武岩(如Cameron等1979;Falloon和格林,1986)中铬尖晶石明显贫Cr~*。最大可能是含高Cr~*尖晶石的这些玄武岩与亏损地幔方辉橄榄岩相当,相反,岩手拉斑玄武岩岩浆则可能与地幔二辉橄榄岩相当。总之,岩手火山的岛弧拉斑玄武岩的原始岩浆可能与具Cr~*=0.3—0.5铬尖晶石的地幔二辉橄榄岩相当,而利尻岛火山的碱性橄榄玄武岩与具Cr~*=0.2—0.3铬尖晶石的地幔二辉橄榄岩相当。