饱水砂砾石冻结时之孔隙水压力

回 顾 国内外研究表明(S.Taber,1930;G.Beskow,1935;H.A.1955;1957;作者,1965等),在水流可以排除的条件下,饱水砂砾石等粗粒土冻结后的含水量比冻前反而减少。许多学者(A.E.Wissa andR.T.Martin,1968;N.R.Morgens-tern and C.B.Smith,1973;W.D.     

Detecting genotoxicity using the Comet assay following chronic exposure of Manila clam Tapes semidecussatus to polluted estuarine sediments

Sediments frequently cause damage to biota due to the accumulation of toxic compounds and the bioavailability of sediment-bound contaminants. Damage can be assessed using biomarkers, such as the degree of genotoxic impact following in vivo exposure to pollutants. Genotoxic damage, expressed as single-strand DNA breaks, was measured in cells isolated from haemolymph, gill and digestive gland from the clam Tapes semidecussatus, using the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay). Clams were exposed for three weeks to sediment samples collected from a polluted site and a ‘clean’ reference site.

The level of DNA damage was assessed using an image analysis package and expressed as Tail Moment. Throughout the study, significant differences in DNA damage were recorded for each tissue type between clams exposed to the two sediment samples. We conclude that the Comet assay is a useful tool for the detection of DNA damage in clams chronically exposed to polluted sediments.     

利用人工神经网络由孔隙度预测渗透率

利用人工神经网络，可以由钻孔的孔隙度值预测同深度下的渗透率值。使用的是一种很适合进行预测的反向传播的网络结构。在传统的回归分析法预测渗透率的过程中，通常假定孔隙度和渗透率的关系是已知的。但实际上，这些函数形式即模式方程并不确定。而神经网络法并不事先对这种函数关系作任何假设。在亚拉巴马州南部的Ｂｉｇ Ｅｓｃａｍｂｉａ Ｃｒｅｅｋ（ＢＥＣ）侏罗纪Ｓｍａｃｋｏｖｅｒ碳酸盐岩油田，我们选择了６口井来检验该     

自生黏土矿物与甜点储层的关系——以涠西南凹陷和文昌A凹陷为例

黏土矿物是碎屑岩储层中胶结物的重要组成部分,其类型、含量对储层的质量有较大的影响。以涠西南凹陷和文昌A凹陷的黏土矿物为研究对象,开展了薄片观察、阴极发光、压汞测试、扫描电镜、X衍射、物性分析等研究。结果表明: 甜点储层发育与黏土矿物的关系密切,低孔渗背景下发育2类相对优质储层的黏土矿物组合。涠西南凹陷流沙港组甜点储层多发育于中粗砂岩与含砾粗砂岩中,储层酸性流体活动强度大,溶蚀作用强烈,高岭石相对含量较高,孔隙类型以溶蚀孔、粒间孔为主。高岭石存在早期大气淡水淋滤型和后期有机酸溶蚀型2种成因。文昌A凹陷珠海组优质储层多位于扇三角洲砂体前缘,受阵发性水流与海水改造,绿泥石相对含量高,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔为主。绿泥石以颗粒包膜和孔隙衬里型为主,粒间充填的团簇状绿泥石为辅。黏土矿物的分析对寻找甜点储层和指导油气勘探具有重要的意义。     

储层精细描述在东方1-1气田中的应用

东方1-1气田宏观和微观上非均质性严重,泥流冲沟发育,组分分布复杂,这些特征影响了开发效果,文章从气田沉积微相研究入手,精细描述了各类储层非均质性及其成因,借助地球物理新技术,提高地震资料的分辨率,从而进行单砂体雕刻,最终建立精细三维地质模型。通过对气田储层精细描述,认清了储层沉积微相与砂体成因类型、分布特征以及各类储层非均质性对天然气分布的控制作用;刻画了单砂体的展布、隔夹层分布以及泥流冲沟的边界;建立了实体三维储层非均质参数模型,对储层空间几何形态及物性空间变化进行精细描述。以此为依据,优化开发井的井别、井位、井轨迹,使气田开发在满足下游供气需求的同时,尽可能地平衡开采,提高气田采收率,为海上类似气田的合理开发提供参考。     

Does heavy oil pollution induce bacterial diseases in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus?

As basic research for the effect of heavy oil on the fish immune system, in this study, the number of leukocyte was counted in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, after exposure to heavy oil at a concentration of 30 g/8L for 3 days. To compare the numbers of bacteria in the skin mucus between oil-exposed and control fish, viable bacteria were enumerated by counting colony forming unit (CFU). Compared with 5.79+/-1.88 x 10(7)leukocytes/mL in the controls, the exposed fish demonstrated higher counts, averaging 1.45+/-0.45 x 10(8)cells/mL. The bacterial numbers of control fish were 4.27+/-3.68 x 10(4)CFU/g, whereas they were 4.58+/-1.63 x 10(5)CFU/g in the exposed fish. The results suggest that immune suppression of the fish occurred due to heavy oil stressor, and bacteria could invade in the mucus, resulting in the increasing leukocyte number to prevent infectious disease.     

莺歌海盆地上中新统黄流组海底扇砂岩元素地球化学特征及地质意义

基于砂岩岩心样品元素地球化学资料对莺歌海盆地东方区上中新统黄流组一段海底扇砂体的源岩类型、风化程度及构造背景进行了分析。以平均大陆上地壳（ＵＣＣ）对主量元素做标准化处理,结果显示ＳｉＯ２ 略显示富集,ＣａＯ 和 ＴｉＯ２ 仅４个样品相对富集,其他大部分样品主量元素均显示相对亏损特征。稀土元素配分模式呈现轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损特征,轻稀土元素与重稀土元素比值介于７．５８～１１．１２之间（平均９．２８）,（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ 介于７．１５～１３．５５之间（平均１１．０４）,（Ｇｄ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ 介于１．３４～２．０７之间（平均１．８１）,Ｅｕ元素显示负异常,δＥｕ介于０．４８～０．７０之间（平均０．６４）,且样品的配分模式与 ＵＣＣ 相似,Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＯ２＝１１．０３～１７．０２（平均１４．４８）,以及ｗ（Ｋ２Ｏ）－ｗ（Ｒｂ）和ｗ（ＴｉＯ２）－ｗ（Ｚｒ）图解均表明源岩为中性－长英质火山岩。化学蚀变指数（ＣＩＡ）值（５６．４８～６８．９７）、长石蚀变指数（ＰＩＡ）值（５８．９０～７５．７８）、Ａ－ＣＮ－Ｋ 图解表明黄流组砂岩经历了中等强度的风化作用。Ｔｈ－Ｓｃ－Ｚｒ／１０三角图、ｗ（ＴｉＯ２）－ｗ（Ｆｅ２Ｏ３＋ＭｇＯ）判别图解以及主量元素判别图解均显示源区具有碰撞环境特征（主动大陆边缘或大陆岛弧）,且稀土元素配分模式与越南物源相似。综合可知,西部昆嵩隆起的中性－长英质火山岩为研究区主要物质来源。      

原油水洗作用与高凝固点原油的成因探讨

高凝固点原油在油藏开采过程中是一个非常棘手的问题,研究高凝固点原油的成因,对于开采过程中降低高凝固点原油的工艺措施具有重大指导意义。对取自大港油田的高凝固点原油样品从轻烃、全烃、饱和烃色质、芳烃色是行测试分析,并结合实际地质情况综合判断,认为该区的高凝固点原油的成因与原油在运移过程中遭受的水洗作用有关,轻烃尤其是苯和甲苯等轻芳烃的散失是造成原油具有高凝固点的重要原因。还对水洗作用对一些常用的原油轻     

Effects of nutrients on crude oil biodegradation in the upper intertidal zone

To enhance biodegradation, nutrients in the form of slow-release fertilizer (SRF) were applied to oil-contaminated microcosms (3%, v/v) which simulated intertidal environmental systems. Although nutrient concentrations in the interstitial water were not proportional to those in amended SRF, microbial activity, growth of oil-degrading microorganisms, and oil-degradation rate were closely related to the concentration of nutrients in the interstitial water. Adding nutrients at higher dose (microcosm I, 144.4 mg C/kg sand/day, versus microcosm II, 8.5 mg C/kg sand/day) had a positive effect on oil degradation rate, which was especially obvious during the early phase of treatment. Use of pristane, phytane, and nor-hopane as biomarkers enabled the detection of significant treatment differences in hydrocarbon biodegradation, which were not reliable enough when the data were normalized to sand mass.