Modelling potential impacts of bottom trawl fisheries on soft sediment biogeochemistry in the North Sea

Bottom trawling causes physical disturbance to sediments particularly in shelf areas. The disturbance due to trawling is most significant in deeper areas with softer sediments where levels of natural disturbance due to wave and tidal action are low. In heavily fished areas, trawls may impact the same area of seabed more than four times per year. A single pass of a beam trawl, the heaviest gear routinely used in shelf sea fisheries, can kill 5–65% of the resident fauna and mix the top few cm of sediment. We expect that sediment community function, carbon mineralisation and biogeochemical fluxes will be strongly affected by trawling activity because the physical effects of trawling are equivalent to those of an extreme bioturbator, and yet, unlike bioturbating macrofauna, trawling does not directly contribute to community metabolism. We used an existing box-model of a generalised soft sediment system to examine the effects of trawling disturbance on carbon mineralisation and chemical concentrations. We contrasted the effects of a natural scenario, where bioturbation is a function of macrobenthos biomass, with an anthropogenic impact scenario where physical disturbance results from trawling rather than the action of bioturbating macrofauna. Simulation results suggest that the effects of low levels of trawling disturbance will be similar to those of natural bioturbators but that high levels of trawling disturbance prevent the modelled system from reaching equilibrium due to large carbon fluxes between oxic and anoxic carbon compartments. The presence of macrobenthos in the natural disturbance scenario allowed sediment chemical storage and fluxes to reach equilibrium. This is because the macrobenthos are important carbon consumers in the system whose presence reduces the magnitude of available carbon fluxes. In soft sediment systems, where the level physical disturbance due to waves and tides is low, model results suggest that intensive trawling disturbance could cause large fluctuations in benthic chemical fluxes and storage.     

由 CDSN 记录计算出的谱震级和地震辐射能

用10个数字化台的宽频带数字记录,计算了1986至1989年间发生在欧亚地震带上的18次 Ms6地震的谱震级和地震辐射能.10个数字化台中有9个属于中国数字化地震台网(CDSN),1个属于德国格拉芬堡台阵.计算得到的不同周期的谱震级,有的稳定性较好,有的稳定性较差.最大谱震级 mf和地震辐射能 E 稳定性较好,各台之间差异很小.特别是对于震中距较大,射线主要通过下地幔的台站,稳定性更好.而拐角周期的稳定性一般较差.辐射能与矩震级的关系满足lgE=1.5Mw+C,C 为常数.最大谱震级 mf=Mw+0.1,与理论预测值一致.      

美国和加拿大的非联邦自动气象站（网）

1 引言 80年代美国和加拿大的非联邦自动气象站(AWS)和自动气象站网的数量,出现了惊人的增加。加利福尼亚、明尼苏达、内布拉斯加、北卡罗来纳和俄亥俄等州,都是70年代末80年代初首先建立非联邦AWS网的州。到1983年底,科罗拉多、佛罗里达、爱达荷、路易斯安娜、新墨西哥、纽约、     

选矿中金矿物学平衡的意义

本文研讨了在详细地设计冶炼实验和处理难选金矿石的最佳条件中,金矿物学平衡的意义。通过对32个金矿石和含金矿石的实验而得到了一个完整的定量化的矿物学平衡程序。这个平衡程序是以特殊的氧化作用用鉴定可见金的百分比和用光学显微镜及电子探针测定金矿物的特征为基础提出的。不可见金即胶体粒级金和固体中的金,这两者直接用氧化作用选剔测定效果不佳,用定量的离子探针微区分析(SIMS)可直接测定。这样就直接测定了所有的载金矿物,鉴定结果准确无误。本文选择五个例子作了介绍。目的之一是提供一个体系——通过鉴定金的赋存形式来研究金的矿物学程序,并有助于设计和优化选矿工艺过程。     

Bacterial mineralization patterns in basaltic aquifers: implications for possible life in martian meteorite ALH84001

To explore the formation and preservation of biogenic features in igneous rocks, we have examined the organisms in experimental basaltic microcosms using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Four types of microorganisms were recognized on the basis of size, morphology, and chemical composition. Some of the organisms mineralized rapidly, whereas others show no evidence of mineralization. Many mineralized cells are hollow and do not contain evidence of microstructure. Filaments, either attached or no longer attached to organisms, are common. Unattached filaments are mineralized and are most likely bacterial appendages (e.g., prosthecae). Features similar in size and morphology to unattached, mineralized filaments are recognized in martian meteorite ALH84001.     

与海侵面有关的白云石化作用——白垩纪中期的一个实例

许多碳酸盐地台都有着不同程度的白云石化作用，白云石化作用的机理至今仍有争议、在许多例子中，白云石出现于沉积物成岩历史的早期阶段，但在埋藏过程中常有重结晶作用，因此，许多化学标志如同位素、痕量元素和有序度发生重排，不再反映形成白云石的原始孔隙流体的成分（Hardie，1987）。Urgonian地台位于法国Subal…ne山脉北部，这条山脉是一个位于法国东南部的NE─SW向这山带，部分为西阿尔卑斯的延伸带。Subalpine山脉包括了所有在Daupinois／Helvetlc盆地、Jura／BasDauphine他台和Provencal他台沉积的沉积物。该地区是被动边…