长江中下游浅水湖泊悬浮颗粒物吸收系数测定方法探讨

对两种水体悬浮颗粒物吸收系数测定方法及相关计算进行对比研究.通过长江中下游湖泊典型藻类的实验室培养,利用T方法和T-R方法分别对藻类颗粒物、藻类泥沙混合悬浊液进行吸收系数测定.通过颗粒物光谱吸收系数与叶绿素a之间的相关性关系,对比了两种方法的测量稳定性.通过对不同比例的藻类和无机悬浮颗粒物(ISS)的混合悬浊液进行分析,获得了不同浊度水体悬浮物吸收光谱的变化情况.结果表明,在纯藻或者泥沙含量较少的水体进行颗粒物吸收系数光谱测定时,T方法和T-R方法均可以采用,并且均具有较高的测定精度.然而,在泥沙含量相对较高的浑浊水体,应尽量选取T-R方法进行颗粒物吸收光谱的测定,以提高测定精度.长江中下游浅水湖泊由于底泥易受风浪影响发生再悬浮,因此在颗粒物吸收系数光谱测定中,当水体中ISS含量超过30 mg/L时,应选择T-R方法.     

COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MACRO- AND MICRO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DENSE FOG IN THE AREA SOUTH OF THE NANLING MOUNTAINS

Using the composite field observational data collected in the area south of the Nanling Mts. and numerical modeling, the seasonal features of dense fog and visibility, fog drop spectrum and physical concept of fog forming have been analyzed. The occurring frequency of low visibility（≤200 m） is very high with a mean of 24.7%, a maximum of 41.8% from the end of autumn to winter and next spring. The fog processes that occur in the area south of the Nanling Mts. in spring and winter result from the interactions of complicated micro-physical processes, the local terrain, water vapor transportation and the influencing weather system. The fog processes are arisen from advection or windward slope, which is much different from the radiation fog. Cooling condensation due to the air lifted by the local mountain plays an important role in fog formation. Windward slope of the mountain is favorable to the fog formation. Dense fog can occur at lower altitudes in the windward slope of mountain, resulting in the lower visibility. The fog is mainly of small-drop spectrum with smaller number-density than that of urban fog, and its drop spectrum has descending trend in the section of smaller diameter. The inverse relationship between fog water content and visibility is the best among several relationships of micro-variables. In addition to micro-physical processes of fog body itself, the motion of irregular climbing and crossing over hillside while the fog body is being transported by the wind are also important reasons for the fluctuation of micro-physical parameters such as fog water content.     

THE APPLICATION OF IMAGE-BASED MODELING IN PALEOEARTHQUAKE TRENCH STUDY

The geological structure exposed by paleoearthquake trenches is the key material to the right cognition of fault activity and paleoearthquake. However, paleoearthquake trenching inevitably destroys active tectonic geomorphic evidence and trench exposures are usually difficult to reserve. The conventional process of recording the delicate geological information, manually constructing photomosaics by image-editing software, is time-consuming and produces undesirable artificial distortions. Herein, we explored the process of constructing trench orthophotomosaics and the 3D image model using the Image-based Modeling technology and applied it to the Liutiaohe trench across the Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan Fault, Gansu Province. Based on the 3D image modeling and orthophotomosaic, we firstly constructed the control points and scale bars on cleaned trench walls and collected photos of all sections of the trench with a digital camera in the field, and then reconstructed the 3D model of the trench through the Agisoft PhotoScan, an efficient image-based modeling software, and finally yielded the 3D image model of the trench and othophotomasaics of the trench exposures. The results show that the automated workflow can produce seamless, sub-millimeter-level high-resolution photomosaics more quickly, with precision in the centimeter range, and the 3D image model is of great help to identify strata and geological structures in trenches with much lower capital and labor costs and low expertise levels compared with LiDAR, meanwhile, the 3D archive benefits the share and communication and even allows future reinterpreting the site using new insights.     

有限元模拟弹性位错的等效体力方法

计算地震位错造成的位移场和应力场,对于估计大地震引起的后续地震活动发展趋势十分重要.本文提出在弹性位错问题的有限元模拟中,用等效体力代替位错源,从而在构建几何模型时不用包含断层,却可以处理包含任意复杂断层的问题,极大降低建模的难度.使用此方法,本文计算并讨论了在球形地球模型下2011年日本Tohoku-Oki特大地震对华北地区断层的影响,结果表明此次地震使华北主要断层趋于稳定.     

邢台地区地壳各向异性特征初步研究

邢台地区处于华北平原地震带中南段, 是华北地区活跃的地震活动区。 本研究根据该地区的构造环境, 采用SAM方法研究地壳各向异性特征, 通过对邢台地区台站的数字波形进行分析, 初步得到邢台地区的剪切波分裂参数, 该地区的快剪切波平均偏振方向为73.9°±40.2°, 慢剪切波平均时间延迟为(2.74±1.54) ms/km。 结果表明, 快剪切波平均偏振方向与华北区域最大主压应力场方向基本一致, 但是受到局部断裂的制约, 部分台站下方的快剪切波的偏振方向显示为NWW方向。     

多年冻土区青藏铁路列车荷载作用下路基振动响应研究

针对多年冻土区青藏铁路列车荷载振动作用下的动稳定性,通过对北麓河和二道沟三个典型铁路路基横断面振动响应的二分量加速度观测,对比分析客运列车和货运列车引起的路基振动特性和衰减规律,研究不同防护形式路基的列车振动响应。结果表明,路基上的振动作用主要集中在40～80Hz频率范围内;防护形式对路基的列车动力响应有明显影响,热棒加碎石路基动力响应最小,其次为碎石防护路基,未采取任何防护的路基铁轨上的动力响应最大,建议对未采取防护的路基进行防护。分析结论为青藏铁路列车作用下的路基动稳定性评估提供实测依据,对多年冻土区的路基稳定性研究提供参考。     

饱和土体-地下综合管廊结构地震响应分析

将土体视为固-液两相介质,基于饱和土体有效应力原理,建立饱和土体-地下综合管廊结构体系相互作用动力模型:在地应力平衡的静力状态下采用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性本构模型,在地震波作用的动力状态下采用Davidenkov非线性黏弹性本构模型;考虑饱和土体黏弹性动力人工边界条件,将地震动作用转化为作用在人工边界节点上的动力荷载。模型考察不同地震波时程、地震波加速度峰值、入射角度、孔隙率以及地应力场的影响,得出如下结论:(1)地震波的卓越周期与场地卓越周期相近时引起结构上的变形最大;随着地震波加速度峰值的增大结构变形增大;随着地震波入射角度的增加结构变形增大,地震波斜入射情况下产生的行波效应使得结构变形最大。(2)土体材料的孔隙水压力是影响地震中结构变形的主要因素之一。(3)将土体材料考虑为单相介质时结构上的变形要比考虑为固-液两相介质时大得多,直接将饱和土体场地中得到的地震波等效荷载施加到单相土介质-结构动力相互作用模型上,能够得到与完全基于有效应力法一致的结果。     

弹性波CT技术在大足石刻岩体破碎带探测中的应用

大足石刻是中国现存的重要石质文物之一,具有重要的历史和文化价值,其中有的石刻造像曾被列为国家石质文物保护“一号工程”;最近,文物保护部门又启动了对危岩体的加固和防渗工程。为确定大足石刻宝顶山大佛湾岩体中破碎带发育情况,应用跨孔弹性波CT技术对指定位置的工程岩体进行了探测。CT探测得到的岩体弹性波速成像清楚地揭示了两个钻孔之间岩体中破碎带的规模和产状,与岩体所在的区域地质构造应力场作用协调一致,证明了探测成像结果的可靠性,为大佛湾岩体的渗流和稳定性评估提供了依据。      

复杂断裂体系识别技术研究与应用

随着勘探的深入,现在的很多勘探目标都是断裂体系非常发育的圈闭,这样针对圈闭里断层的识别和刻画就变得尤为重要。通过对尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区的复杂断裂圈闭的研究认为:（1）利用分频超道数据体估计结构倾角,将相干体分析方法与超道技术相结合,可使大型断层成像更为清晰。（2）利用小断层主频段地震数据,对不同尺度的体曲率数据进行融合,可显著提高小断层的识别能力。（3）利用梯度矢量来描述地质体的倾角和方位,可剥除大倾角地层信息,使断层成像更为清晰。（4）本技术方法在研究区取得了比较好的效果,各类特征的断层能够清晰识别,降低了断裂系统解释的多解性。（5）本技术体系对其他类似区域的断层识别具有借鉴意义。