Downhole Microseismic Source Location Based on a Multi-Dimensional DIRECT Algorithm for Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoir Exploration

Downhole microseismic data has the significant advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio and well-developed P and S waves and the core component of microseismic monitoring is microseismic event location associated with hydraulic fracturing in a relatively high confidence level and accuracy. In this study, we present a multidimensional DIRECT inversion method for microseismic locations and applicability tests over modeling data based on a downhole microseismic monitoring system. Synthetic tests inidcate that the objective function of locations can be defined as a multi-dimensional matrix space by employing the global optimization DIRECT algorithm, because it can be run without the initial value and objective function derivation, and the discretely scattered objective points lead to an expeditious contraction of objective functions in each dimension. This study shows that the DIRECT algorithm can be extensively applied in real downhole microseismic monitoring data from hydraulic fracturing completions. Therefore, the methodology, based on a multidimensional DIRECT algorithm, can provide significant high accuracy and convergent efficiency as well as robust computation for interpretable spatiotemporal microseismic evolution, which is more suitable for real-time processing of a large amount of downhole microseismic monitoring data.     

地震作用下岩羊村滑坡稳定性与失稳机制研究

以云南香丽高速公路沿线的岩羊村滑坡为研究对象,开展了滑坡动力稳定性评价及失稳机制研究:进行了不同烈度地震下的滑坡稳定性分析,采用滑带弹性区体积占比的变化反映其失稳过程,结合滑坡变形破坏模式,对滑坡整体稳定性进行评价;针对极限地震工况,分别从时间和空间角度描述滑坡失稳过程;建立了同时考虑滑带弱化和硬化的滑坡尖点突变模型,揭示了滑坡失稳的触发机制。研究表明:滑坡在区域Ⅷ度地震烈度条件下基本保持稳定,在锁固段的"锁固作用"下滑坡仅发生局部破坏;滑坡发生整体失稳的临界峰值加速度为2.29 m/s²,其失稳机制为在前缘牵引、后缘拉裂作用下,滑带塑性区贯通导致的整体失稳;地震作用下滑带前缘、中部、后缘并非同步破坏,表现为累积-触发效应;利用改进尖点突变模型推导了刚度效应失稳判据,揭示了滑坡整体稳定性与滑带介质的刚度及尺寸特性密切相关。研究结果为岩羊村滑坡的防治与抗震设计提供了指导,并可为同类工程的动力稳定性评价与失稳机制分析所借鉴。     

新矿物丁道衡矿的晶体结构

对产于内蒙白云鄂博晶态富Ti和Fe2+的硅钛铈矿族新矿物丁道衡矿Ce4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+)2Ti2Si4O22进行了晶体结构的精测,求得晶胞参数:a=1.34656(15)nm,b=0.57356(6)nm,c=1.10977(12)nm,β=100.636(2)°,晶胞体积V=0.84239(16)nm3。单位晶胞中的分子数Z=2。晶体结构测定中分别用P21/a和C2/m空间群来进行晶体结构解析,解析表明,两种结构模型最终得到的R因子分别为0.026和0.021。两种结构精修后的原子坐标、键长键角都完全合理。根据结构分析及衍射数据消光规律统计认为,丁道衡矿的空间群应该为P21/a,而C2/m为赝对称空间群,结构属于具有C2/m赝对称的P21/a超结构,是一种超结构的新类型。     

基于PCA-PSO-SVM的凡口铅锌矿地区岩溶地表塌陷危险性预测

岩溶地表塌陷是由多个影响因素共同作用导致地面形成塌陷坑（洞）的一种动力地质现象,具有隐蔽性和突发性的特点,常规简单数学模型难以对地表塌陷危险性准确预测。文章先通过主成分分析法（PCA）对选取的地下水位、地下水位波动幅度、给水度等11个影响因素提取5个主成分,对导致地表塌陷危险性的主成分进行全新的解释,同时引入粒子群算法（PSO）优化的支持向量机（SVM）方法,建立PCA-PSO-SVM岩溶地表塌陷危险性预测模型,并结合凡口铅锌矿地区工程实例,将预测结果与单一的SVM模型预测结果进行对比,表明PCA-PSO-SVM危险性预测模型精度更高,可以更好地为岩溶地表塌陷防治工作提供依据。     

丹江口水库库区及周边地区河网形态、地貌特征及构造活动性意义

河流作为构造-气候相互作用最为敏感的地貌单元,记录了丰富的水系演化、构造变形以及气候变化等信息。通过研究河流的形成与演化过程来阐述区域地貌和构造活动特征是构造地貌研究的一个突破点,河流形态的空间变化是阐述河流形成与演化特征最为直观有效的方法。丹江口水库库区地貌特征复杂、地质灾害频发、差异性构造活动较为强烈,是开展构造地貌研究的理想场所。通过对丹江口水库库区及周边地区河流形态特征、地貌特征及构造活动特征等进行综合分析发现,河网分维值空间特征与区域内构造活动性较强的断裂的空间分布高度吻合,构造活动性较强的断裂带及周边地区,河网受到构造活动的影响,发育不成熟,河网分维值出现低值,分维值均小于1.115;构造活动性较弱的断裂带及周边地区,河网发育过程中未受到构造活动的影响,发育较成熟,河网分维值高,分维值均大于1.25;而河网分维值空间变化与地形坡度、平均高程等地貌参数相关性不显著。因此,区域构造活动性特征是河网形态空间变化控制的关键因素。利用河网形态的分维特征量化区域构造活动的强弱及各区域构造活动的差异,对于河流的形成与演化、构造活动性及预测地质灾害的发生等方面的研究都有一定的参考价值。      

世界R＆D产业的发展现状及趋势

R＆D产业是在经济全球化和研发全球化的背景下兴起的一门新型产业。从产业活动内容来看，R＆D产业包括自主性研发、外部性研发和研发服务活动三大类。从产业价值构成来看，当前的研发产业以非合同式研发产出活动为主导，但未来研发产业的价值构成将以合同研发活动为主导，其次为专业性的研发服务活动，效率较低而成本偏高的自主性研发活动的市场份额将不断萎缩。当今世界R＆D产业发展如火如荼，以美国为主导的西方发达国家逐渐成为世界R＆D产业发展的“领头羊”。总的来说，世界R＆D产业的发展呈现出内部关联日益紧密、密集度迅速增大、研发领域不断更新、环境的影响更加突出等鲜明特点。     

Effect of chlorophyll-a spatial distribution on upper ocean temperature in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific

Effect of the spatial distributions of chlorophyll-a concentration on upper ocean temperature and currents in the equatorial Pacific is investigated through a set of numerical experiments by using an ocean general circulation model. This study indicates that enhanced meridional gradient of chlorophyll-a between the equator and off-equatorial regions can strengthen zonal circulation and lead to a decrease in equatorial sea surface temperature （SST）. However, the circulation changes by themselves are not effective enough to affect SST in the equatorial cold tongue （CT） region. The comparison between the experiments indicates that the CT SST are more sensitive to chlorophyll-a distribution away from the equator. The off-equatorial chlorophyll-a traps more solar radiation in the mixed layer, therefore, the temperature in the thermoeline decreases. The cold water can then be transported to the equator by the meridional circulation within the mixed layer. Furthermore, the relation among CT SST, the surface heat flux, and the equatorial upwelling are discussed. The study implies the simulation biases of temperature on the equator are not only related to the local ocean dynamics but also related to some deficiency in simulating off-equatorial processes.     

吐哈盆地西山窑组第二段岩相古地理和聚煤作用

吐哈盆地烃源岩主要是早朱罗世八弯组和中侏罗世西山窑组的煤和碳质泥岩。本文对该盆地主要含煤段－西山窑组第二段沉积期岩相古地理进行了分析，编制了各种图件，总结出该期岩相古地理特征并分析了聚煤作用的控制因素。     

广州市城区大气中HCFC-22的变化特征及其与常规大气污染物的比较

利用低温预浓缩-GC/MSD研究了广州市大气中痕量的一氯二氟甲烷(HCFC-22),并且将其变化特征与SO2、NO2和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)等一般空气污染物进行了比较.结果表明,广州市大气中HCFC-22的年平均浓度值是一些全球本底站观测值的3倍左右,表明广州存在较强的HCFC-22排放源,可能与HCFC-22作为制冷剂在城区较大量使用有关.广州市HCFC-22呈现出夏秋季高、冬春季低的特征,这主要与HCFC-22排放的季节性差异有关.而广州市大气一般空气污染物SO2、NOx、PM10和CO的浓度水平则与HCFC-22相反,呈现夏秋季低、冬春季高的特征,主要受扩散条件与季风影响.HCFC-22日变化幅度在夏季远大于冬季,变化规律整体与SO2、NOx和PM10大致相似,夏季呈双峰特征,冬季则呈单峰特征,但与常规污染物不同的是,夏季HCFC-22在17:00～20:00家用空调使用高峰期呈现异常高值.     

Reservoir Characteristics of Fine-grained Sedimentary Rocks in Saline Lakes in the Cenozoic Upper Ganchaigou Formation, Southwestern Qaidam Basin, NW China

Cenozoic fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the southwestern Qaidam Basin, as typical salinized lacustrine sediments, are significantly different from those in other freshwater lakes under the impact of the high salinity in the lake. Many fine-grained sedimentary rock samples were selected from the lower member of Neogene (N1) in the Gaskule Oilfield, Qaidam Basin, northwest China, with the aim to analyze and test their petrology, pore structure, and organic geochemical characteristics and determine its genesis and geological significance. Based on previous results, a new genesis of mixed sedimentary rocks is proposed. The Cenozoic lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks in SW Qaidam Basin belong to mixed sedimentary rocks, which can be divided into three types, including carbonate and terrigenous clastic-bearing mudstone, carbonate-bearing to terrigenous clastic mixed sedimentary rocks, and carbonate-terrigenous clastic mixed sedimentary rocks. The geneses of mixing are quite different from that of mixed marine rocks. According to the sedimentary characteristics of the salinized lakes, three new geneses of mixed deposits are proposed: syn-sedimentary mixing, varve interbedded mixing, and biogenic mixing. The reservoir spaces of the Cenozoic lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks in SW Qaidam Basin include residual intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores, microfractures, and minor dissolved pores. The reservoirs have super-low porosity and ultra-low permeability, with a porosity of 1.82%–21.04%, averaging 7.71%, and permeability of (0.0028–254.86) × 10?3 μm2, averaging 2.82 × 10?3 μm2. The test results of total organic carbon (TOC) content show that the highest content of organic carbon reached 1.41%, and those of vitrinite reflectance show that Ro ranges from 0.525%–0.824%, with an average of 0.806%. The organic geochemical characteristics show that the fine-grained mixed sedimentary rocks of SW Qaidam Basin have the potential for self-generation and self-storage. As an unconventional reservoir, it has potential industrial value. This is the first study of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the Qaidam Basin, which offers certain theoretical and practical values.