重力方法在祁连山地区构造特征与岩体解释中的应用

依据地质、航磁等资料,结合实测岩石物性资料,以1:250000重力资料为基础对祁连山地区(张掖、刚察地区)进行综合研究.研究地质构造与地球物理特征,划分了大地构造单元,探讨了隐伏与半隐伏岩体分布.该区域经多年的重力工作,勘探面积已近3万多km2,根据重力资料研究布格重力场特征并进行分区;对地质构造单元重新划分,对主要断裂进行探讨;圈定隐伏与半隐伏岩体,推断其空间展布特征,并对其解释.结果表明:祁连山地区地壳密度结构横向分区、纵向分层明显,布格重力异常场的分区特征与地质构造分区特征基本一致.结合2.5D重力剖面反演印证了新的推测结果,为综合地质、地球物理找矿提供参考.     

岩溶区层状缓倾角岩质边坡变形破坏机制研究

在贵州岩溶区某大型工程台址工程地质环境条件研究基础上,采用地质历史过程机制分析法和数值模拟方法,对岩溶区层状缓倾角岩质边坡变形破坏机制作系统研究,总结出了4种变形破坏机制,即高陡的层状缓倾内边坡(A类坡)主要发生倾倒-崩落或拉裂-崩落破坏,低矮的层状缓倾内边坡(C类坡)则以小规模垮塌为主;缓倾外顺层边坡(B类坡)以滑移-拉裂型顺层滑坡或块状滑坡为主,而复合型边坡(D类坡)多以滑移-拉裂和弯曲-拉裂组合形式发生破坏.     

岩溶石漠化山地不同退耕模式土壤抗蚀性及其与结构体分形关系研究

通过对岩溶石漠化山地中小尺度范围内的现有三种主要退耕模式及对照地土壤抗蚀性主成分分析及与各级结构体分形维数关系研究,结果表明:(1)研究区退耕地在3~6年内土壤抗蚀性均发生了比较明显的变化,但都介于传统耕地与马尾松次生灌丛之间,其中以具有复式结构的退耕樟树+草被退耕模式的抗蚀效果较理想;(2)与传统旱耕地不同,各退耕模式土壤抗蚀性均是A层土壤强于B层土壤,表明退耕有利于A层土壤抗蚀性迅速提高,尤其是草本+乔灌模式对A层土壤抗蚀性的提高更为显著;(3)>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量及破坏率、水稳性指数、有机质含量为评价土壤抗蚀性的最佳四指标;(4)微团聚体、风干团聚体分形维数表征土壤抗蚀性有一定的局限性,而机械组成、水稳定性团聚体分维数与抗蚀性综合分值相关性较高,尤其是水稳性团聚体分形维数可较好地反映出土壤的抗蚀特性.     

北冰洋沉积物和海水叶绿素α浓度分布的区域性特征

2003年夏季中国第二次北极科学考察期间,在北冰洋楚科奇海陆架、楚科奇海台、陆坡流区、门捷列夫海岭和加拿大海盆等不同区域进行了200 m以浅海水和部分观察站沉积物表层叶绿素a浓度的现场观测。结果表明,观测水体叶绿素α浓度变化范围为0.002～39.008 μg/dm3。表层浓度分布范围为0.037～4.644 μg/dm3,平均值为0.612 μg/dm3;高叶绿素α浓度出现在水深20～30 m的次表层水。叶绿素α浓度分布具有明显的区域性特征,水柱平均浓度的次序为楚科奇海陆架区>陆坡流区>楚科奇海台区>加拿大海盆区>门捷列夫海岭区。表层沉积物叶绿素α浓度从未能检出～3.978 μg/g(湿重),平均浓度为0.954 μg/g(湿重),表现为沉积物表层的浓度高于下层,陆架和陆坡流区的浓度高于海岭区以及海台和海盆区的分布特征。     

2014年盈江双震的破裂历史

2014年5月24日在云南省盈江县发生Ms5.6级地震(主震A), 于5月30日在其附近再次发生Ms6.1级地震(主震B). 我们挑选云南省地震台网记录的数字波形资料, 借助于经验格林函数技术提取了这两次地震的震源时间函数,获得了其破裂历史. 为了利用经验格林函数技术提取震源时间函数,我们首先利用优选的速度模型,采用逆时成像技术重新确定了主震A和B以及挑选的6次较大余震的震源位置,并利用双差定位技术确定了主震与余震之间的相对位置;然后利用广义极性振幅技术反演了这些事件的震源机制;最后,根据主震和余震的相对位置以及震源机制特征挑选最优台站记录,提取了两个主震的震源时间函数. 结果表明,主震A持续时间约3.5 s, 分两个阶段,第一阶段0~1.3 s, 第二阶段1.3~3.5 s;主震B持续时间约5.0 s, 其过程比A复杂,至少可以分为五个阶段,第一阶段0~0.7 s, 第二阶段0.7~1.6 s, 第三阶段1.6~2.5 s,第四阶段2.5~3.8 s,第五阶段3.8~5.0 s.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF TECTONIC STRESS FIELD OF THE XIAOWAN RESERVOIR BEFORE AND AFTER THE IMPOUNDMENT

Using the seismic waveform data of Xiaowan seismic network and Yunnan seismic network, we determined the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015 by generalized polarity and amplitude technique. We inverted tectonic stress field of the Xiaowan reservoir before impounding, using the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and CAP solutions of 58 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 4.0)collected and the solutions in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor(GCMT)catalog; We inverted local stress field of the reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area, using 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015. Focal mechanisms statistics show that, the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault is the seismic fault. Focal mechanisms were strike-slip type in initial stage, but normal fault type in later stage. Focal depths statistics of 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)show that, the average value of focal depths in period Ⅰ, period Ⅱ and period Ⅲ are 8.2km, 7.3km and 7.8km respectively and the standard deviations are 4.3km, 3.5km and 6.0km respectively. The average value of focal depths is basically stable in different period, only the standard deviation is slightly different. Therefore, there is not positive connection between focal depth and deviation of focal mechanisms. What's more, there are 2 earthquakes(number 46 and number 47 in Fig.5 and Table 3)with almost the same magnitude, epicenter and focal depth, but they have different faulting types as normal and strike-slip. The focal mechanism of event No.46 is strike:302°, dip:40° and rake:-97° for plane Ⅰ, however, the focal mechanism of event No.47 is strike:292°, dip:82° and rake:140° for plane Ⅰ. Likewise, earthquake of number 3 and number 18 have similar characteristic. Therefore, the obvious focal mechanism difference of similar earthquake pair indicates the complexity of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault. Considering the quiet-active character of reservoir-triggered earthquakes, we discussed the change of local stress field in different period. The σ₁ of tectonic stress field was in the near-south direction, with a dip angle of 14° before the impoundment, however, the direction of σ₁ of local stress field changed continuously, with the dip angle getting larger after the impoundment. The direction of σ₁ of local stress field of reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area is close to the strike of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault, and reservoir impoundment increased the shear stress in the fault, so the weakening of fault was beneficial to trigger earthquakes. Comprehensive analysis suggests that fluid permeation and pore pressure diffusion caused by the water impounding, and the weakening of fault caused by local stress field are the key factors to trigger earthquake in the Xiaowan reservoir.     

川滇黔桂地区二叠纪不同成因盆地层序地层模型

通过不同类型沉积盆地层序界面性质、层序类型、结构、组成、完整性、对称性以及层序发育特征和控制因素研究表明,不同成因沉积盆地,其层序内部构型及成因格架各异.克拉通盆地层序发育主要受全球海平面变化及碳酸盐自旋回控制,LST以陆上暴露不整合面及其上风化残积相为特征,TST以海侵上超不整合面上相对薄的超覆型退积准层序组为特色,HST表现为厚层加-进积丘礁滩组合;对于被动陆缘裂谷盆地,主控因素包括全球海平面变化和同沉积断裂活动,LST期,孤台以陆上暴露不整合面及残积相为标志,台盆表现为水下间断不整合面及上覆混屑浊积岩,TST以台盆硅灰岩-硅岩退积准层序组不断向斜坡和孤台上超为特征,HST期,孤台以加积-进积丘礁滩组合为主,台盆为加积型钙屑重力流沉积,弧后裂谷盆地层序特征与被动陆缘裂谷盆地相似,但其台盆加深加宽,层序以硅质岩及火山碎屑浊积岩为主,揭示层序发育主要受同沉积断裂活动、全球海平面变化及火山活动控制;被动陆缘走滑盆地层序发育主要受控于不同沉积断裂活动及全球海平面变化,层序组成以放射虫硅质岩和深水泥岩为主;前陆盆地LST以造山侵蚀不整合面及盆底扇沉积为特征,TST表现为巨厚层浊积扇-扇三角洲弱进积-弱退积充填型准?     

Inhomogeneous features in mel-yu frontal cloud system

The structure of radar echo in stratiform cloud which was found in mei-yu frontal cloud system is generally inhomogeneous, especially in the structure of bright band echoes. The inhomogeneous structure of warm region in stratiform cloud and the shower feature of precipitation are closely related to the inhomogeneous structure of bright band and convective cells embedded in stratiform cloud.During Summer time the mei-yu cloud system is an important precipitating system in the southern part of China. To study its structure is of great significance for weather forecast and understanding the physical processes of cloud and precipitation. Therefore, we have observed mei-yu frontal cloud system by use of 711 type radar (3 cm) and airplane at Tunxi, Anhui Province since 1979. It was found that the structure of stratiform cloud, especially the structure of its warm region appears to be inhomogeneous1),2). This is a significant feature of cloud structure in mei-yu frontal cloud system. In this paper, we shall further analyse this inhomogeneous structure of stratiform cloud and study its effect on the precipitation.     

气候变化影响下极端水文事件的多变量统计模型研究

以黄河流域太原气象站和淮河流域鲁台子水文站为研究对象,利用Copula函数构建气候要素（降水）同极端水文事件（干旱和洪水）之间的多元统计模型,分析不同降水条件下不同等级干旱和洪水的发生概率变化。结果表明,Gumbel Copula能够较好地描述太原站7月份的前期累加降水量和帕默尔干旱指数（PDSI）的相关结构。随着降水量的增加,极端干旱的发生概率逐渐减小,重旱、中旱和轻旱的发生概率则先增加后减小。Clayton Copula能够较好地描述鲁台子水文站前期累加降水量和洪峰流量之间的相关结构。当前期累加降水量大于等于某一定值时,随着年最大洪峰x的增大,发生洪峰≥x的极端洪水事件的概率逐渐减小。在同一个极端洪水发生概率下,前期累加降水量越大,洪峰流量出现大值的可能性越大。