Removal of Ni(II) from Aqueous Solutions by Nanoscale Magnetite

Magnetite nanoparticles were applied to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solutions as a function of pH, contact time, supporting electrolyte concentration, and analytical initial Ni(II) concentration. The highly crystalline nature of the magnetite structure with diameter of around 10 nm was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD). The surface area was determined to be 115.3 m²/g. Surface chemical properties of magnetite at 25°C in aqueous suspensions were investigated. The point of zero charge (pHzpc) was found to be 7.33 and the intrinsic acidity constants (${\rm p}K_{{\rm a}1}^{{\rm s}} $ and ${\rm p}K_{{\rm a}2}^{{\rm s}} $ ) were found to be 9.3 and 5.9, respectively. The surface functional groups were investigated with Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption kinetics and mechanism of Ni(II) by these magnetite nanoparticles. The adsorption process was found to be pH dependent. In NaCl solutions, Ni(II) adsorption increased with increasing ionic strength while in NaClO₄ solutions, Ni(II) adsorption exhibited little dependence on the ionic strength of the solution. The adsorption process better followed the pseudo‐second order equation and Freundlich isotherm.     

基于规则库的三维空间数据模型

三维空间对象的形式复杂多样,对象之间的空间关系尚未形成共识.三维空间数据模型的空间及非空间关系的表达更是难以统一.典型的三维空间数据模型包括面向实体型、面向关系型和混合型3种数据模型,但这些模型存在诸如拓扑操作困难、对象语义描述不完整、关系表达欠缺等一系列不足.通过分析、综合3种模型的优缺点,以顾及拓扑面向实体的三维矢量数据模型为基础,设计了基于规则库的三维空间数据模型.这是一个将关系与对象相统一的新型数据模型.通过对对象关系的分析研究,引入规则的概念,进而构建出规则库,提出对空间对象间关系和结构统一的,完整的表达和管理方式.结合地质、矿山等应用将该三维空间数据模型在多个城市的三维地质应用中进行成功验证.通过应用,说明该模型实现了空间对象的自身结构和对象之间关系的统一表达,具备自定义、可扩展的空间对象关系表达能力,能够适应复杂应用要求,具有良好的应用前景.      

贵州青岩地区早-中三叠世生物地层

贵州青岩地区下-中三叠统发育齐全,化石丰富,尤其是中三叠世“青岩动物群”,具有生物辐射性质.为了研究二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件后的生物复苏及辐射过程,对该区下、中三叠统剖面进行了实测,并从沉积学、古生物学上进行了系统研究.识别出5个牙形石带:Neospathodus dieneri带、Neospathodus waageni带、Neospathodus pingdingshanensis带、Neospathodus homeri带、Chiosella timorensis带,建立2个有孔虫组合和6个双壳类组合.并根据牙形石化石初步确定出印度阶与奥伦尼克阶及奥伦尼克阶与安尼阶的界线.多门类化石的分布和生态组合结构表明,大灭绝后的复苏-辐射第一幕发生于安尼期早期,安尼期中期雷打坡页岩段的化石组合具有典型辐射后期的生态繁荣景象.古环境研究表明,本区从三叠纪初到中三叠世安尼期沉积水体总体上震荡式变浅,表现为盆地-陆棚-台缘斜坡-台地-盆地-台缘斜坡-陆棚的演变过程.      

中国单一银(-金)矿主要类型及其地质特征

对我国单一银（-金）矿床地质特征、成因类型和空间分布特点进行了总结.以成矿作用和成矿地质条件为基础,矿床成因为依据,我国单一银（-金）矿床可分为：（1）变质（混合岩化）热液型矿床;（2）火山（含次火山）热液型银（-金）矿床;（3）岩浆-热液型银（-金）矿床;（4）地热水溶滤型银（-金）矿床.     

基于PS-InSAR的输电塔结构及沿线地质监测技术

我国电力建设发展迅速,电力输送设施建设通常会跨越恶劣地质条件区域,这些区域易发生地质灾害,从而引起输电铁塔基础结构产生形变,严重威胁高压输电线路的运行安全.本文使用合成孔径雷达影像,应用永久散射体差分干涉测量(PS-InSAR)技术对高压输电塔结构及其沿线地表进行形变监测.使用相干系数阈值法来确定研究区域的永久散射体点...     

波浪荷载作用下海底隧道-孔隙海床的动力分析

孔隙海床在波浪荷载作用下其有效应力减小、孔隙水压力增加,这将影响孔隙海床中隧道的稳定性,因此,研究在波浪荷载作用下孔隙海床与隧道的动力响应具有重要的工程意义。本文基于Biot的动力固结理论和弹性动力学理论建立波浪荷载作用下孔隙海床与海底隧道的动力分析模型,并同时考虑海底隧道与海床之间的接触效应、边界效应等对海底隧道内力的影响。最后通过变换海床的变形模量、渗透系数和海底隧道的半径、埋深等,观察其对海床土孔隙水压力和海底隧道内力的影响,为海底隧道的设计提供依据。     

Origin of Baotoudong syenites in North China Craton: Petrological,mineralogical and geochemical evidence

Baotoudong syenite pluton is located to the east of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia, the westernmost part of the Triassic alkaline magmatic belt along the northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC). Zircon U-Pb age, petrological, mineralogical and geochemical data of the pluton were obtained in this paper, to constrain its origin and mantle source characteristics. The pluton is composed of nepheline-clinopyroxene syenite and alkali-feldspar syenite, with zircon U-Pb age of 214.7±1.1 Ma. Diopside(cores)-aegirine-augite(rims), biotite, orthoclase and nepheline are the major minerals. The Baotoudong syenites have high contents of rare earth elements(REE), and are characterized by enrichment in light rare earth elements(LREE) and large ion lithophile elements(LILE; e.g., Rb, Ba, Sr), depletion in heavy rare earth elements(HREE) and high field strength elements(HFSE). They show enriched Sr-Nd isotopic compositions with initial ~87Sr/~86Sr ranging from 0.7061 to 0.7067 and ε_Nd(t) values from –9.0 to –11.2. Mineralogy, petrology and geochemical studies show that the parental magma of the syenites is SiO_2-undersaturated potassic-ultrapotassic, and is characterized by high contents of Ca O, Fe_2O_3, K_2O, Na_2O and fluid compositions(H_2O), and by high temperature and high oxygen fugacity. The syenites were originated from a phlogopite-rich, enriched lithospheric mantle source in garnet-stable area(80 km). The occurrence of the Baotoudong syenites, together with many other ultrapotassic, alkaline complexes of similar ages on the northern margin of the NCC in Late Triassic implies that the lithospheric mantle beneath the northern margin of the NCC was previously metasomatized by melts/fluids from the subducted, altered paleo-Mongolian oceanic crust, and the northern margin of the craton has entered into an extensively extensional regime as a destructive continental margin in Late Triassic.     

The role of dynamic transport in the formation of the inverted charge structure in a simulated hailstorm

The inverted charge structure formation of a hailstorm was investigated using the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF-ARW) model coupled with electrification and discharge schemes. Different processes may be responsible for inverted charge structure in different storms and regions. A dynamical-derived mechanism of inverted charge structure formation was confirmed by the numerical model: the inverted structure was formed by strong updraft and downdraft under normal-polarity charging conditions such that the graupel charged negatively in the main charging region in the middle-upper level of the cloud. The simulation results showed the storm presented a normal charge structure before and after hail-fall; while during the hail-fall stage, it showed an inverted charge structure—negative charge region in the upper level of the cloud and a positive charge region in the middle level of the cloud—appearing at the front edge near the strong updraft in the hailstorm. The charging processes between the two particles mainly occurred at the top of the cloud, where the graupel charged negatively and ice crystals positively due to the strong updraft. When the updraft air reached the top of the storm, it would spread to the rear and front. The light ice crystals were transported backward and forward more easily. Meanwhile, the positively charged ice crystals were transported downward by the frontal subsidence, and then a positive charge region formed between the ?10 and ?25°C levels. Subsequently, a negative charge region materialized in the upper level of the cloud, and the inverted charge structure formed.     

2015年夏季南疆地区高温冰雪洪水特征

2015年7月中旬开始至8月初,新疆地区受东移的伊朗高压控制,新疆南疆塔里木河流域及其周边区域遭遇历史同期罕见高温天气.南疆地区和天山山区7月平均气温分别为27.9℃、17.8℃,较常年分别偏高2.3℃、2.6℃,偏高幅度均居历史同期第一位;南疆及天山山区共计42站7月平均气温突破同期历史极值,使该地区从高空到地面不同高度气温都同时升高.0℃层高度都高于雪线高度,导致南疆多条河流发生冰雪消融性洪水,造成不同程度的洪水灾害.此次由高温天气产生的多条河流冰雪消融性洪水,由于具有充足的水热因子,致使南疆多条河流超过警戒流量和保证流量.尼雅河出现有实测资料以来第2位的洪水,阿克苏库玛拉克河发生有实测资料以来第3位的洪水;发生洪水的河流范围之广、持续时间之长历史罕见,叶尔羌河、玉龙喀什河、喀拉喀什河超警戒流量持续时间在半个月以上,叶尔羌河达到25 d.通过对历年冰雪消融性洪水资料分析,洪峰流量和日流量（洪量）与高空温度有较好的相关性,由此建立冰雪消融性洪水预报模型,应用在2015年夏季洪水预报中取得明显的效果,对于今后预报此类洪水提供了有益的借鉴.     

艾比湖区域地表水水化学特征干湿季变化及其控制因素

对2014年艾比湖区域的地表水进行观测和取样,综合运用多元统计、Piper阴阳离子三角图、Gibbs图等方法,对艾比湖区域干湿季地表水化学特征及控制因素进行了分析.结果表明：在湿季5月,Na⁺和Cl^-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的70.34%和52.97%,其次是Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-;在干季10月,Na⁺和Cl^-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的70.57%和66.48%,其次是Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-.进而判断出在湿季,艾比湖区域地表水水化学类型为以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO₃^--Ca²⁺-Na⁺型;而在干季,艾比湖区域地表水水化学类型为以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO₃^--Ca²⁺型.此外,探讨了离子控制的因素.就自然因素而言,在干湿季,艾比湖区域地表水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用的共同影响,大气降水的输入作用十分微弱.就人为因素而言,根据相关研究,干湿季人为活动中的主要因素是人口和地区生产总值,说明该区域受到人为活动的影响.本研究为我国干旱地区对于河水水化学变化、水质特征、水质保护都具有重要的意义.