Watershed delineation using hydrographic features and a DEM in plain river network region

Watershed delineation is a required step when conducting any spatially distributed hydrological modelling. Automated approaches are often proposed to delineate a watershed based on a river network extracted from the digital elevation model (DEM) using the deterministic eight‐neighbour (D8) method. However, a realistic river network cannot be derived from conventional DEM processing methods for a large flat area with a complex network of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and polders, referred to as a plain river network region (PRNR). In this study, a new approach, which uses both hydrographic features and DEM, has been developed to address the problems of watershed delineation in PRNR. It extracts the river nodes and determines the flow directions of the river network based on a vector‐based hydrographic feature data model. The river network, lakes, reservoirs, and polders are then used to modify the flow directions of grid cells determined by D8 approach. The watershed is eventually delineated into four types of catchments including lakes, reservoirs, polders, and overland catchments based on the flow direction matrix and the location of river nodes. Multiple flow directions of grid cells are represented using a multi‐direction encoding method, and multiple outflows of catchments are also reflected in the topology of catchments. The proposed approach is applied to the western Taihu watershed in China. Comparisons between the results obtained from the D8 approach, the ‘stream burning’ approach, and those from the proposed approach clearly demonstrate an improvement of the new approach over the conventional approaches. This approach will benefit the development of distributed hydrological models in PRNR for the consideration of different types and multiple inlets and outlets of catchments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

求解GM(1,1)模型新总体最小二乘算法

在GM(1,1)模型中系数矩阵和观测向量都是由原始序列组成的。系数矩阵中同样是有误差的,与观测向量中的误差一样,亦来源于原始序列,即它们误差同源。不同位置的相同元素应该有相同的改正数,采用传统总体最小二乘求解则不能达到此目的。针对这一缺陷,推导了一种新的总体最小二乘算法;并且通过算例验证了新方法的可行性和有效性。     

Si and O self-diffusion in hydrous forsterite and iron-bearing olivine from the perspective of defect chemistry

We discuss the experimental results of silicon and oxygen self-diffusion coefficients in forsterite and iron-bearing olivine from the perspective of defect chemistry. Silicon diffusion is dominated by V_O ^··-associated V_Si″″, whereas oxygen diffusion is dominated by hopping of V_O ^·· under anhydrous conditions, and by (OH)_O ^· under hydrous conditions. By considering the charge neutrality condition of [(OH)_O ^·] = 2[V_Me″] in hydrous forsterite and iron-bearing olivine, we get D _Si ∝ (\(C_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}}\))^1/3 and D _O ∝ (\(C_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}}\))⁰, which explains the experimental results of water effects on oxygen and silicon self-diffusion rates (Fei et al. in Nature 498:213–215, 2013; J Geophys Res 119:7598–7606, 2014). The \(C_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}}\) dependence of creep rate in the Earth’s mantle should be close to that given by Si and O self-diffusion coefficients obtained under water unsaturated conditions.     

渝东南下古生界页岩构造裂缝形成及分布控制因素

天然裂缝对页岩气储集和渗流有重要影响,但目前对页岩构造裂缝研究不够深入。本文通过露头、岩心裂缝观察和分析,探讨了渝东南下古生界页岩构造裂缝类型、形成机理及分布控制因素。基于裂缝特征及力学成因,将剪切裂缝分为高角度剪切裂缝、倾斜滑脱裂缝和水平滑脱裂缝。倾斜滑脱裂缝是在上覆岩层重力和水平构造应力共同作用下沿应力集中的软弱面发生剪切滑动形成,水平滑脱裂缝是在构造挤压应力作用条件下主要沿页理面方向的剪切或层间滑动形成;页理发育程度及岩层曲率是控制水平滑脱裂缝形成的关键因素,岩石矿物组成、构造作用及岩层厚度是控制其它类型构造裂缝形成和分布的主要因素,页岩岩石力学层的划分需要根据裂缝特征、岩性变化特征、岩石力学参数及沉积界面等综合确定,岩层厚度与层间构造裂缝密度呈负相关关系。     

台风莫拉菲(2009)登陆前后电荷结构演变的模拟研究

利用中尺度起电放电模式以及卫星和闪电定位等观测资料,对比分析了台风莫拉菲（2009）在登陆前后以及衰亡阶段的电荷结构及形成。结果表明：莫拉菲在登陆前存在近海加强过程,加强中逐渐形成清晰的台风眼并伴随眼壁区闪电活动的多发。眼壁区对流在近海加强阶段呈现正的三极性电荷结构,主负电荷区位于-25℃——10℃层,其上下各有一个正电荷区。而在台风达到最大强度后呈现负的偶极性电荷结构,仅存在云中部的负电荷区和下部的正电荷区。眼壁区对流的电荷结构同台风强度变化密切相关而不受登陆直接影响。在台风发展的不同阶段,外螺旋雨带对流主要表现为正的三极性或正的偶极性电荷结构,之前的研究一般认为外雨带对流只能呈现正的偶极性电结构。外雨带三极性电结构的形成可以类似于眼壁区三极性结构的形成,也存在其他形成机制,即在霰粒子与冰晶组成的正偶极性电荷结构下存在一个由雹粒子组成的正电荷区,从而形成正的三极性电荷结构。台风衰亡阶段对流主要表现负的偶极性电荷结构,对流活动较弱,类似于陆地雷暴消散阶段的特性。不同类型的电荷结构所对应对流的相对强度也在文内进行了讨论。     

鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟铀矿床绿泥石特征及地质意义

纳岭沟铀矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部,具有明显的后期热液作用的特征,矿体空间展布主要受控于绿色-灰色砂岩的过渡界面,与绿泥石化的蚀变砂岩关系密切。通过对纳岭沟铀矿床不同颜色砂岩中的绿泥石进行详细的岩相学研究和电子探针化学成分分析,依据绿泥石的成因与共生矿物的关系,识别出绿泥石主要的3种类型:填隙物型绿泥石,片状与黄铁矿共生型绿泥石以及黑云母蚀变型绿泥石;同时通过绿泥石的Fe-Si图解确定了纳岭沟铀矿床不同颜色砂岩中的绿泥石主要为铁镁绿泥石和密绿泥石。根据Al/(Fe+Mg+Al)-Mg/(Fe+Mg)的关系图解确定出不同颜色砂岩中的绿泥石具有铁镁质流体和泥质两种来源,通过绿泥石中主要阳离子与镁的关系图解和计算得出的绿泥石形成温度共同确定出绿泥石是多期次的中低温热液流体作用的产物。综合研究表明,纳岭沟铀矿床的绿泥石形成至少经历了温度稍高的还原性流体和温度稍低的氧化性流体等两个期次的流体作用,稍高温的还原性流体与成矿关系更为重要。与绿泥石形成有关的热液流体作用不仅带入了部分铀,还促进了铀的活化和运移。     

GPS 高程转换的总体最小二乘组合方法

在现有GPS高程转换的研究中,通常只采用单一的解算方法,然而,不同的计算方法由于适用的条件不同,在对同一组数据进行解算时,解算的精度也各有优劣。针对以上问题,文中提出GPS高程转换的总体最小二乘组合方法,对多种不同的高程转换方法进行组合,运用总体最小二乘法计算不同方法的权值,结合实际工程数据,验证该方法的可行性。计算结果表明,提出的方法能够有效地提高高程转换精度。     

现代专题地图制图研究进展与趋势分析

针对专题地图制作相关研究不足的问题,该文通过归纳总结专题地图理论与应用、网络共享等方面的研究进展,从功能转变、模式转变和内涵冲击三方面分析专题地图研究趋势,并探讨现有制图理论技术存在的不足之处。文章认为:研究专题地图符号的内在结构及统一构建方式,在符号学和微观语言学的理论框架下建立专题符号句法模式,注重对专题地图符号模型的整体描述,并通过相应制图模型的研究来优化制图过程,发掘和创新制图理论成果,将会促进专题地图理论的完善,深化专题符号的自适应表达。