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41.
The uptake of oleic acid by various size-fractions of a marine sediment suggests that the finer-grained particles are mainly responsible for fatty acid uptake.  相似文献   
42.
Diatoms, silicoflagellates, and biogenic silica (BSi) were analyzed from two piston cores recovered from Effingham Inlet, British Columbia. Relatively productive marine conditions from 4850 to 4000 cal yr BP were followed by a transition to the modern ocean-climate regime marked by a decreased siliceous microfossil production since 2800 cal yr BP. This change in the northeast Pacific climate was characterized by an apparent cooling associated with higher rainfall and lower light levels. The reduced abundance of most spring-summer bloom diatom taxa (Skeletonema-Thalassiosira-Chaetoceros) was coupled with a decreased abundance of diatoms normally associated with incursions of offshore water into coastal inlets. This pattern reflected a weaker summer upwelling along Vancouver Island associated with the insolation-related increase in the strength of the Aleutian Low and a weakened North Pacific High. After ca. 2800 cal yr BP, diatom assemblages also indicated more frequent periods of relatively low spring-summer surface water salinity and a disruption of the typical bloom sequence, indicative of increased climatic variability. A period of warmer and drier climate conditions and possibly increased coastal upwelling offshore occurred ca. 1450-1050 cal yr BP. The most recent 500 yr are marked by reduced diatom production and the appearance of three distinct diatom biomarkers in the stratigraphic record (Rhizosolenia setigera ca. AD 1940; Minidiscus chilensis ca. AD 1860; Thalassionema nitzschioides morphotype A, ca. AD 1550). The oceanographic changes recorded in Effingham Inlet are correlative with other marine and terrestrial paleoenvironmental records in the northeast Pacific Ocean.  相似文献   
43.
4D reservoir monitoring is now becoming established as a normal part of business in some companies, in some regions such as the North Sea, and for some applications, such as thermally enhanced oil recovery. Some spectacular technical successes have been reported, mostly in monitoring water floods. We are beginning to understand how to acquire and process surveys to achieve good results. There is still, however, much to improve in how we use 4D technology to capture its potential value in field management and still some way to go in the tool itself, to make it faster, cheaper and more sensitive to small production effects.  相似文献   
44.
We conducted a multi-year sediment-trap experiment in Saanich and Jervis Inlets, British Columbia, Canada. Moorings with traps positioned at three depths were placed near the mouth and toward the head of each fjord, and deployments were monthly. We present fluxes of total mass, biogenic silica (BSi), particulate organic carbon (POC) and aluminium (Al), as well as the δ13C signal of the POC, and we compare the sediment-trap fluxes to primary-production measurements made during the experiment.Diatomaceous silica and aluminosilicates were the primary components of the settling flux, while organic matter from marine (largely diatoms) and terrestrial sources was occasionally a significant portion of the sinking material. Fluxes of BSi and POC were highest in the spring and summer, tracing maxima in local primary production. These fluxes decreased, increased or remained constant with depth due to water-column remineralisation and variability in processes that cause fluxes to increase with depth. Al fluxes followed local precipitation and river runoff at the landward stations, and with remarkable faithfulness in Saanich Inlet. Near the mouths, there was little seasonality in Al flux, and the increases of flux with depth reveal sedimentary plumes at each fjord’s sill. Tidal and deepwater-renewal components of the plumes are evident, and the plume in Saanich Inlet was particularly intense. Fluxes of Al to deep sediment traps associated with renewal flows were also observed toward the head of each fjord.Marine δ13C endmembers are estimated from relationships between δ13C and BSi concentrations, and measures of soil δ13C from each fjord were available. These endmembers are used with the δ13C record to quantify marine and terrigenous contributions to the POC flux. Marine POC composed 54-72% of the total POC caught by shallow sediment traps in spring and summer, and 36-54% in fall and winter. Primary production and sediment-trap fluxes are used to estimate annually averaged export ratios (shallow-trap flux:autotrophic assimilation) for marine POC and Si. POC export ratios (0.092-0.14) were low for these productive waters, but they compare with other results based on sediment-trap fluxes from coastal waters where terrigenous OC has been subtracted. Export ratios of Si were calculated using an estimated Si:C assimilation ratio and, therefore, are susceptible to error, but the high results (>0.8) suggest that BSi was exported more efficiently than POC. The possibility that POC was preferentially lost after interception by sediment traps is also considered. Primary production and settling fluxes were higher in Saanich Inlet than in Jervis Inlet, while export ratios of OC and Si were similar in both fjords, away from the nepheloid layer near the sill of Saanich Inlet.  相似文献   
45.
The concentrations of Si, Al, Ti, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, P and Mn, before and after chemical leaching, in particulate matter from waters off the west coast of Scotland have been measured in vertical profiles at two seasons. The distribution of Si and Ca are shown partly to reflect temporal changes in biological production in different waters. The distributions of Al, Ti, Fe, K and Mg have been used to distinguish different sources and types of suspended alumino-silicates, and to trace probable circulation patterns in the water mass.While Si and Ti contents of the particulate matter are unaffected by mild chemical leaching, large amounts of other elements, notably Mg, K and Al, can be removed by this treatment. Presumably, these losses indicate preferential release of these elements from octahedral and interlayer sites in clay mineral lattices.The distribution of particulate P covaries with non-silicate Fe in the surface waters, while in bottom waters, high concentrations of particulate Fe and Mn are associated. The relationship of Fe and P is considered to be due to the presence of particulate ferriphosphates derived from runoff. The particulate Mn and Fe in deep waters is produced by the precipitation of dissolved metals released from bottom sediments by diagenesis.  相似文献   
46.
Analysis of manganese nodules, with emphasis on speciation of transition metal components, has been carried out using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In nodules containing predominantly δ-MnO2, Co(III) was identified from an examination of XPS photopeak structural features. In a nodule composed of todorokite, Cu(II) and Ni(II) were detected in oxide environments, but the quantity of cobalt was insufficient to be studied in detail.  相似文献   
47.
Analyses have been made of REE contents of a well-characterized suite of deep-sea (> 4000 m.) principally todorokite-bearing ferromanganese nodules and associated sediments from the Pacific Ocean. REE in nodules and their sediments are closely related: nodules with the largest positive Ce anomalies are found on sediments with the smallest negative Ce anomalies; in contrast, nodules with the highest contents of other rare earths (3 + REE) are found on sediments with the lowest 3 + REE contents and vice versa. 143Nd144Nd ratios in the nodules (~0.51244) point to an original seawater source but an identical ratio for sediments in combination with the REE patterns suggests that diagenetic reactions may transfer elements into the nodules. Analysis of biogenic phases shows that the direct contribution of plankton and carbonate and siliceous skeletal materials to REE contents of nodules and sediments is negligible. Inter-element relationships and leaching tests suggest that REE contents are controlled by a P-rich phase with a REE pattern similar to that for biogenous apatite and an Fe-rich phase with a pattern the mirror image of that for sea water. It is proposed that 3 + REE concentrations are controlled by the surface chemistry of these phases during diagenetic reactions which vary with sediment accumulation rate. Processes which favour the enrichment of transition metals in equatorial Pacific nodules favour the depletion of 3 + REE in nodules and enrichment of 3 + REE in associated sediments. In contrast, Ce appears to be added both to nodules and sediments directly from seawater and is not involved in diagenetic reactions.  相似文献   
48.
49.
Modelling palaeoglaciers in mountainous terrain is challenging due to the need for detailed ice flow computations in relatively narrow and steep valleys, high-resolution climate estimations, knowledge of pre-ice topography, and proxy-based palaeoclimate forcing. The Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM), a numerical model that approximates glacier sliding and deformation to simulate large ice sheets such as Greenland and Antarctica, was recently adapted to alpine environments. In an attempt to reconstruct the climate conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) on Mount Dedegöl in SW Turkey, we used PISM and explored palaeoglacier dynamics at high spatial resolution (100 m) in a relatively small domain (225 km2). Palaeoice-flow fields were modelled as a function of present temperature and precipitation. Nine different palaeoclimate simulations were run to reach the steady-state glacier extents and the modelled glacial areas were compared with the field-based and chronologically well-established ice extents. Although our results provide a non-unique solution, best-fit scenarios indicate that the LGM climate on Mount Dedegöl was between 9.2 and 10.6 °C colder than today, while precipitation levels were the same as today. More humid (20% wetter) or arid (20% drier) conditions than today bring the palaeotemperature estimates to 7.7–8.8 or 11.5–13.2 °C lower than present, respectively.  相似文献   
50.
Organic-rich sediments and coexisting phosphorites from the continental shelf off South West Africa have been analysed for uranium and thiorum by alpha-spectrometry. The uranium concentrations in the sediments range from 10 to 55 ppm, with an isotopic composition close to that of sea-water, indicating that uranium is passing into the sediments at the present time. The phosphorites occur in the sediments as thin unconsolidated laminae and as lithified nodules and pellets, with uranium contents ranging from 79 to 158 ppm. Based on the uranium isotopic composition, only the unconsolidated phosphorite laminae are recent, while the lithified nodules and pellets, with 234U/238U and 230Th/234U ratios close to radio-active equilibrium, appear to be inherited from a previous period of phosphorite deposition. Deposition of uranium appears to take place predominantly by incorporation into carbonate fluorapatite growing authigenically within the sediment. Uranium accumulation rates, computed from 14C-dated sections of the sediment cores, and using only uranium values with modern isotopic composition, range from 232 to 765 μg/cm2 per 1,000 years. These results stress the importance of organic-rich sediments containing authigenic phosphorite beneath areas of high organic productivity as a major sink for uranium in the ocean.  相似文献   
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