Induction of DNA strand breaks in the mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and clam (Protothaca staminea) following chronic field exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the Exxon Valdez spill

In 2002, 13 years after the Exxon Valdez spill, mussels and clams were examined for lingering oil exposure and damage. Known oil patches were sampled at four locations, and compared to nearby reference areas (same bay), and were also compared to "hot reference" sites to verify the methods used (Cordova harbor and fresh diesel spill at Port Chalmers). Passive samplers deployed for a month at the sites, along with tissue samples, confirmed that the oiled sites were oiled (fingerprinting back to Exxon Valdez oil) and that reference sites were clean. The highest PAH loads were detected in sub-surface interstitial waters at oiled sites. Exposure at the surface was generally low level, and probably intermittent. DNA damage was assessed in blood cells using sensitive comet analyses. DNA strand breakage was detected in both mussels and clams, with the highest level of damage detected at "hot reference" sites of Cordova harbor and Port Chalmers. Bioavailability and DNA damage at the oiled sties was low, indicating there has been substantial progress in recovery from the spill 13 years before, yet low level bioavailability and damage were still detectable.     

倾斜断层错动产生的应力场

本文导出拉梅常数不相等情形的半无限弹性介质中任意倾角的矩形断层错动产生的应力场的解析表达式.给出走向滑动和倾向滑动的倾斜断层的应力场在地表面的等值线图.讨论了介质的泊松比、断层面的倾角、上界和下界对地面的应力场的影响.作为一种应用,计算了通海地震、海城地震和唐山地震断层近场的剪应力和流体静应力的等值线图,并同这三个地震的强余震的空间分布作比较,发现大多数强余震分布在流体静应力为正值的引张区内.     

Trace metal uptake by the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: the role of osmoregulation

Changes in salinity affect the bioavailability and consequent uptake of trace metals by euryhaline invertebrates. In many cases, salinity-related effects on metal uptake can be explained by changes in chemical speciation but salinity may also influence uptake indirectly through its action on osmoregulatory mechanisms. Specifically, it can be hypothesised that trace metal uptake may be reduced at salinities approaching the isosmotic point of a species because, at this point, there is reduced activity of ionic exchange pumps. The present study tested this hypothesis using the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, a hyper-hypoosmoregulator with an isosmotic point around 33 per thousand. Crabs were exposed to radio-labelled cadmium and zinc at 23, 33 and 43 per thousand for 4 days. To eradicate speciation effects, crabs were exposed to the same concentration of the radio-labelled free metal ion (estimated using MineQL computer software) at each salinity. Haemolymph samples were taken daily and radio-labelled metal concentrations were estimated from radioactivity counts and used to provide relative measures of metal uptake. Neither cadmium nor zinc uptake was lowest at the isosmotic point. The uptake of cadmium increased significantly with increase in salinity, while the uptake of zinc showed no significant change with increased salinity. Thus changes in trace metal uptake rates in E. sinensis do not appear to be controlled only by changes in free metal ion concentrations. The different effects of salinity change on the uptake of cadmium and zinc (in the absence of free metal ion change) also indicate that physiological responses to osmotic change alone do not control metal uptake rates for this species.     

印度灌溉和民用开发地下水资源的技术经济

开发地下水的重要性: 开发地下水或矿产这类自然资源是为了人们的福利而最佳利用它们的一种活动。最佳利用的程度是一个动态概念,它受下述因素抑制:资源类型,已知储量,耗用速度,补充速度(如果有的话),效益(利用的成本率及其对社会和环境的影响)(Tolba,1976)。     

工程地球化学：问题及应用

本文对人类工程活动在地球化学环境中的各类影响，即工程－地球化学形式进行了分类。     

突变理论在地学中的某些应用（综述）

自然界，特别是地学、生物学领域，不连续变化的现象非常多，诸如地震、火山喷发、岩石相变、地磁场倒转、古生物灭绝、基因突变；地貌现象中的断层与褶皱、断陷盆地、谷地走廊、高原边陲和大孔夫子坡等等。是显见的突变事件和不连续现象，     

Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) from the northwestern Atlantic coast

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), mirex, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined in blubber of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) from the northwestern Atlantic coast. PCBs, DDTs, and CHLs were the major persistent organochlorines in harbor seal blubber, while mirex, HCHs, dieldrin, and HCB were minor contaminants. Highest concentrations were found in the adult males, followed by the pups, yearlings, adult females, and fetuses. DDT and PCB concentrations have declined from the high levels reported in the early 1970s, but no declines were observed in our samples over the ten-year period 1991-2001. DDT/PCB ratios were indicative of a more rapid decline of DDTs than PCBs, while ratios of p,p'-DDE/DDT were indicative of a metabolic "weathering" of DDT. The population appears to be susceptible to disease outbreaks, as evidenced by a recurrence of viral epizootics since the late 1970s. The PCB burdens in these seals are similar to levels reported in seals from polluted regions of Europe and Asia, and exceed the estimated threshold levels for adverse reproductive and immune system effects in the species.     

工程地球化学：——研究的主要问题及其应用

本文对工程地球化学形式进行了分类，它们反映了由人类技术活动对地球化学环境所造成的不同类型的影响。基于已有的知识，对工程地球化学体系和过程的代表类型进行了分析。研究表明，工程地球化学的理论研究和实际应用可能集中于两大方向：（１）研究工程地球化学体系形成和发展的规律。这些体系起源于各种工农业活动与地球化学环境之间的相互作用，通常又是这些互相作用的结果；（２）发展地球化学优化方法来改善地质建造的工程性质