汶川Ms8.0地震后龙门山断裂带地壳应力场及其构造意义

2008年5月12日在青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带中段发生汶川8.0级特大地震。大震发生时释放应力并对震源区及外围构造应力场产生影响,受汶川地震断层破裂方式和强度空间差异性的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳应力场也应表现差异特征,至今鲜有针对该科学问题深入的分析和讨论。经过系统收集、梳理汶川地震后沿龙门山断裂带水压致裂地应力测量数据与2008年汶川地震中强余震序列震源机制解资料,对汶川地震后龙门山断裂带中上地壳构造应力场进行厘定,通过与震前构造应力场对比,深入探讨了汶川8.0级地震对龙门山断裂带地壳应力场的影响,进而对汶川震后应力调整过程及青藏高原东缘龙门山地区深部构造变形模式进行研究,研究结果表明:受汶川8.0级地震的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳构造应力场空间分布具有差异性,近地表至上地壳15 km深度范围,映秀—青川段最大主应力方向为北西西向、地应力状态为逆走滑型,青川东北部最大主应力方向偏转至北东东向、应力状态转变为走滑型;15~25km深度范围,龙门山断裂带最大主应力方向仍为北西—北西西向、应力状态以逆冲型为主。汶川8.0级地震后,龙门山断裂带中地壳北西西向逆冲挤压的构造应力特征进一步支持了青藏高原东缘龙门山地区东西两侧刚性块体碰撞挤压、逆冲推覆的动力学模式。     

根据诱发微震确定岩石的大尺度原地渗透张量

利用钻孔的水力学测试或随机的注水试验诱发的地震发射信号,我们了一种确定渗透率张量的方法,对于完全非质岩体,当记录到地震发射信号时,该方法给出了确定其渗透张量的唯一解,该方法是对Ｓｈａｐｉｒｏ等人（１９９７）针对各向同性情况提出的方法的扩展和延伸,它要求假设：水力诱发的微震触发前缘的扩展如同第二类压缩性比奥特波（对应于孔隙压力松弛过程）在等效的均质、各向同性饱和态的也隙障性介质中传播和扩展,该等效介质中的渗透率张量即是该各向异性岩石体积放大至地震活动区域铁尺寸时的渗透率张量,利用Ｈｏｔ Ｄｒｙ Ｒｏｃｋ Ｓｏｕｓ－Ｆｏｒｅｔｓ试验过程中采集到的微震数据（Ｙｙｅｒ ｅｔ ａｌ．１９９４）我们证实了该方法,这些数据表明,相对应的岩石体积以定向裂隙系统导致的明显的渗透率各向异性为特征,渗透率张量的最大主分量近于垂向,它     

超声波成象钻孔电视在地学领域中的应用

一、引言超声波成象钻孔电视是人们早已熟识的一种手段.自它问世以来,一直受到地学界及其他领域的科研人员的重视和信赖。它之所以具有很强的生命力,主要是因为它具有测量速度快、精度高、方便灵活、随测即显等特点,当场即可直观地看到孔壁360°的展开柱状图象。通过对图象照片的简单分析或计算处理,便可获得地层产状、钻孔几何形态和其     

雪峰山深孔水压致裂地应力测量及其意义

利用最新研制的深孔水压致裂地应力测量设备在雪峰山2000 m科钻先导孔内开展了原地应力测量,在孔深170~2021 m范围内获得了16个测段的有效地应力测量数据,是国内首次利用水压致裂法获得的孔深超过2000 m深度的原地应力测量成果。测量结果表明,地应力随孔深增加而逐渐加大,对实测数据进行线性回归,得到最大和最小水平主应力随深度变化的关系分别为:S_H=0.03328H+5.25408,S_h=0.0203H+4.5662,在孔深2021 m深度,其实测值分别为66.31 MPa和43.33 MPa。基于实测数据,结合钻孔成像测试和井温测试结果,对测点应力状态进行了综合分析。在170~800 m深度范围,三向主应力关系为S_H > S_h > S_v,有利于逆断层活动;孔深1000~2021 m表现为S_H > S_v > S_h,表明该区域深部应力结构属于走滑型。最大水平主应力方向为北西-北西西方向。基于实测地应力数据及莫尔-库伦破裂准则,对测区附近断层活动性进行了分析讨论,认为该区域断层处于稳定状态。      

探索首都圈地区深孔地应力测量与实时监测及其在地震地质研究中应用

为提高首都北京的地质安全,在探索首都圈地区深孔地应力测量与实时监测在地震地质研究中应用思路方法的基础上,制定首都圈地区深孔地应力测量与实时监测总体规划,通过不同关键构造部位深孔地应力测量、实时监测以及测量监测结果的对比分析,揭示首都圈地区地壳浅表层现今地应力环境,捕捉中强地震发生的地应力前兆异常。平谷地应力实时监测台站全程记录了2011年3月11日日本9.0级大地震及其前后地应力大小和地下水位相对变化,尤其是大地震发生的前兆应力变化,为地震地质研究积累了宝贵的数据。通过首都圈地区不同关键构造部位地应力测量与实时监测数据的对比分析及2012年和2013年唐山及其周围地区地震发震背景的综合研究,发现唐山—滦县—昌黎一带,尤其是昌黎地区,现今构造活动异常,需要重点关注其未来发展趋势。     

广东核电站地应力测量及其应用

基于广东省3个核电站厂址区的水压致裂地应力测量结果,获得了各核电站厂址区现今地应力场分布特征,结果表明,各核电站厂址区以水平应力为主导;大亚湾、阳江核电站水平应力值随深度增加而呈线性增大,台山核电站水平应力随深度线性增加不明显;大亚湾、阳江核电站厂址区最大水平主应力方向为NW-NWW,台山核电站为NNW。根据地应力测量结果、相关理论及判据分析认为,大亚湾核电站拟建隧洞长轴方向较不利于隧洞围岩的稳定,台山和阳江核电站拟建隧洞长轴方向利于围岩的稳定和维护;各核电站拟建隧洞横截面形状以水平长轴、垂向短轴且长、短轴比近似于各隧洞截面上侧压力系数的椭圆形为宜;各隧洞在埋深范围内开挖时均没有发生岩爆的可能性。最后,依据Byerlee滑动摩擦准则,探讨了核电站外围现今活动断层的稳定性。     

New emission features in the 11-13 micron region and their relationship to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

If the "11.3 microns" emission feature seen in the spectra of many planetary nebulae, H II regions, and reflection nebulae is due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), then additional features should be present between 11.3 and 13.0 microns (885 and 770 cm-1). Moderate-resolution spectra of NGC 7027, HD 44179, IRAS 21282+5050, and BD + 30 degrees 3639 are presented which show that the "11.3 microns" feature actually peaks at 11.22 microns (891 cm-1). The spectra also show evidence of new emission features near 11.9 and 12.7 microns (840 and 787 cm-1). These are consistent with an origin from PAHs and can be used to constrain the molecular structure of the family of PAHs responsible for the infrared features. The observed asymmetry of the "11.3 microns" band is consistent with the slight anharmonicity expected in the C--H out-of-plane bending mode in PAHs. Laboratory experiments show that the intensity of this mode relative to the higher frequency modes depends on the extent of molecular "clustering." The observed strengths of the "11.3 microns" interstellar bands relative to the higher frequency bands are most consistent with the features originating from free molecular PAHs. The intensity and profile of the underlying broad structure, however, may well arise from PAH clusters and amorphous carbon particles. Analysis of the 11-13 microns (910-770 cm-1) emission suggests that the molecular structures of the most intensity emitting free PAHs vary somewhat between the high-excitation environment in NGC 7027 and the low-excitation but high-flux environment close to HD 44179. Finally, a previously undetected series of regularly spaced features between 10 and 11 microns (1000 and 910 cm-1) in the spectrum of HD 44179 suggests that a simple polyatomic hydride is present in the gas phase in this object.     

Infrared emission from comets

A brief discussion of the infrared observations from 4 to 20 micrometers of seven comets is presented. The observed infrared emission from comets depends primarily on their heliocentric distance. A model based on grain populations composed of a mixture of silicate and amorphous carbon particles in the mass ratio of about 40 to 1, with a power-law size distribution similar to that inferred for comet Halley, is applied to the observations. The model provides a good match to the observed heliocentric variation of both the 10 micrometers feature and the overall thermal emission from comets West and Halley. Matches to the observations of comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock and the antitail of comet Kohoutek require slightly larger grains. While the model does not match the exact profile and position of the 3.4 micrometers feature discovered in comet Halley, it does produce a qualitative fit to the observed variation of the feature's strength as a function of heliocentric distance. The calculations predict that the continuum under the 3.4 micrometers feature is due primarily to thermal emission from the comet dust when the comet is close to the Sun and to scattered solar radiation at large heliocentric distances, as is observed. A brief discussion of the determination of cometary grain temperatures from the observed infrared emission is presented. It is found that the observed shape of the emission curve from about 4 to 8 micrometers provides the best spectral region for estimating the cometary grain temperature distribution.