Compton Scattering in Plane Media: Polarization of Radiation and Azimuth Independence. I. Theory

Astrophysics - Compton scattering of polarized radiation by a nondegenerate and unpolarized electron gas is examined. Two polarization bases are introduced for pulses of photons: external,...     

Experience in CCD Spectrocolorimetry of Lunar-Surface Regions

Panoramic scans of two lunar regions (Aristarchus–Herodotus and Plato craters) were obtained with a CCD camera and spectrograph to determine a range of actual color differences. The color differences expressed in color–excess (CE) units and determined as the intensity ratios for lunar features at 440 and 550 nm are mainly less than 0.1^m. The color–albedo dependence is revealed only in separate clusters and is not the same in different parts of each region under consideration. This special feature of crater Aristarchus is confirmed; that is, in spite of its high albedo, the color in the crater is intermediate within the general range of color differences.     

Lang Trang Cave (Northern Vietnam): Pleistocene Mammalian Locality with Gigantopithecus Finds

Doklady Earth Sciences - Speleological, geological and paleontological characteristics of the Lang Trang cave in northern Vietnam are presented. Primates Gigantopithecus blacki von Koenigswald,...     

Variations of Seismicity in the Avachinsky Gulf (Kamchatka, Russia)

Variations of seismic mode in the region of the Avachinsky Gulf (Kamchatka, Russia) are considered. Observed anomalies (seismic quiescence, the ring seismicity, reduction of the slope of the earthquake recurrence diagram) provide a basis to consider this region as a place of strong earthquake preparation. The Kamchatka regional catalogues of earthquakes between 1962–1995 were used in the analysis. A reduced seismicity rate is observed during 10 years in an area of 150 km × 60 km in size. During the last five years, in the vicinity of the area considered, earthquakes with M > 5 occurred three times more often than the average over thirty years. It is interpreted as ring seismicity. The block of 220 km × 220~km in size, including the quiescence zone, is characterized by a continuous decrease of the recurrence diagram slope, which has reached a minimum value for the last 33 years in this region.     

On fundamental geology and physical origins

Geology must consider the physical processes involved in the genesis of inorganic matter. These processes are ultimately based on cosmogony and cosmology and the associated physics and mathematics of these origins.The approach to genesis impinges on the unknown where a feeling that something finite, and possibly real, exists. The evidence of the unknown must then be compared with the experimental and observed evidence to create a framework from which certain conclusions can be made.The thoughts on genesis and the geological implications are discussed briefly in two parts. Part one includes the basic philosophy, the mathematical and physical concepts; it outlines the philosophy of time, zero and infinity, mass, space, and the mass environments, based on this a ring hypothesis of planetary origins is developed. Part two discusses basic problems of structural geology, fundamental tectonics, the development of continents and continental drift, climatic changes, seismicity, and paleomagnetics.The conclusions drawn from the discussion are: mass ormatter can exist in five states. Continental buttresses are largely made up of rocks of secondary igneous origin. The core of the earth is made of solar (meteoric) material rather than pure nickel-iron. Continents move under differential density forces which ultimately result in a slow twist or rotation of the earth's outer layers about the core. This rotation causes climatic changes and the many paths observed in tracing polar wandering by paleomagnetics.

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Zusammenfassung Dieser Aufsatz versucht, fundamentale geologische Grenzprobleme in Beziehung zu bringen mit fundamentaien physikalischen und astronomischen Problemen, die ihrerseits z. T. noch einer Lösung harren.Ausgehend von einer Betrachtung der Herkunft von Masse, Universum und Sonnensystem werden Probleme der Kontinentalgenese, Kontinentalwanderung, hydrostatischer Druck auf und in Kontinenten, Orogenese, Klimaänderungen und Paläomagnetik in geologischer Zeit besprochen.Der Aufsatz besteht aus zwei Teilen, einem physikalischen und einem geologischen, die zu einem gewissen Grade unabhängig voneinander gelesen werden können. Für ein fruchtbares Verstehen ist es aber ratsam, beide Teile zu lesen. Mathematik ist auf das notwendigste beschränkt.Am Ausgangspunkt der Betrachtung steht die Idee von einem fundamentalen (letztlichen) Masse-Medium, da dieses die Grenze der Erkenntnis bildet.

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Résumé La géologie doit considérer le processus physique entraîné dans la genèse de matière inorganique. Ce processus est finalement basé sur la cosmogonie et cosmologie, ainsi que la physique associée et mathématiques de ces originesL'approche de la genèse se heurte à l'inconnu où le sentiment de quelque chose de fini et peut-être bien réel existe. L'évidence de l'inconnu doit alors être comparée à l'évidence expérimentale et observée, pour créer une structure de laquelle certaines conclusions peuvent être tirées.Les réflexions sur la genèse et les implications géologiques sont exposées brièvement en deux parties. La première partie comprend la philosophie fondamentale, les idées générales de mathématique et physique; elle esquisse la philosophie du temps, zéro et infini, masse, espace et environnements de la masse; basée là-dessus, une hypothèse en cercle des origines planétaires est développée. La seconde partie expose les problèmes fondamentaux de géologie structurale, tectoniques fondamentales, le développement des continents et le mouvement de ceux-ci, changements de climat, séismicité et paléomagnétiques.Les conclusions tirées de l'exposé sont que masse ou matière peuvent exister dans cinq états. Les contreforts continentaux sont en grande partie formés de roche pyrogène secondaire. Le noyau de la terre est fait de matière solaire (météorique) plutôt que de nickel-fer pur. Les continents se déplacent sous des forces de densité différentielle qui résultent finalement dans une torsion lente ou rotation des couches extérieures de la terre autour du noyau. Cette rotation provoque des changements climatique et les nombreuses voies observées en traçant les écarts polaires par paléomagnétique.

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Reconstruction of the harmonic component of the magnetic field modulus anomalies

An algorithm is proposed for calculating a harmonic function equal to the projection of the anomalous magnetic field vector onto the normal field direction from in situ measurements of the anomalous magnetic field modulus (the scalar magnetic anomaly) ΔT, which is a nonharmonic function and is nonlinearly related to the magnetization of anomaly sources. It is shown that the inferred estimates tend to the desired harmonic function if the iterative algorithm converges. The convergence conditions and stability of the process are studied numerically in a wide range of amplitudes of the anomalous field. The results of the modeling simulation demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in solving magnetic field interpretation problems often encountered in practice.     

Contaminant concentrations in sport fish from San Francisco Bay, 1997

In 1997, seven sport fish species were sampled from seven popular fishing areas in San Francisco Bay. Mercury exceeded a human health screening value in 44 of 84 (52%) samples. All collected samples of leopard shark and striped bass exceeded the mercury screening value of 0.23 microg/g wet weight. PCBs exceeded the screening value in 51 of 72 (71%) samples. DDT, chlordane, and dieldrin, had lower numbers of samples above screening values: 16 of 72 (22%) for DDT, 11 of 72 (15%) for chlordanes, and 27 of 72 (37%) for dieldrin. Concentrations of PCBs and other trace organics were highest in white croaker and shiner surfperch, the two species with the highest fat content in their muscle tissue. Fish from one location, Oakland Harbor, had significantly elevated wet weight concentrations of mercury, PCBs, DDTs, and chlordanes compared to other locations. Removal of skin from white croaker fillets reduced lipid concentrations by 27-49% and concentrations of trace organics by 33-40%.