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541.
Geographic information has become central for data scientists of many disciplines to put their analyzes into a spatio-temporal perspective. However, just as the volume and variety of data sources on the Web grow, it becomes increasingly harder for analysts to be familiar with all the available geospatial tools, including toolboxes in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), R packages, and Python modules. Even though the semantics of the questions answered by these tools can be broadly shared, tools and data sources are still divided by syntax and platform-specific technicalities. It would, therefore, be hugely beneficial for information science if analysts could simply ask questions in generic and familiar terms to obtain the tools and data necessary to answer them. In this article, we systematically investigate the analytic questions that lie behind a range of common GIS tools, and we propose a semantic framework to match analytic questions and tools that are capable of answering them. To support the matching process, we define a tractable subset of SPARQL, the query language of the Semantic Web, and we propose and test an algorithm for computing query containment. We illustrate the identification of tools to answer user questions on a set of common user requests. 相似文献
542.
S. Veraverbeke W.W. Verstraeten S. Lhermitte R. Goossens 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2010
The influence of illumination effects on the optimality of the dNBR (differenced Normalized Burn Ratio) was evaluated for the case of the 2007 Peloponnese (Greece) wildfires using a pre/post-fire Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) image couple. Well-illuminated pixels (south and south-east facing slopes) exhibited more optimal displacements in the bi-spectral feature space than more shaded pixels (north and north-west exposed slopes). Moreover, pixels experiencing a small image-to-image difference in illumination obtained a higher optimality than pixels with a relatively large difference in illumination. To correct for illumination effects, the c-correction method and a modified c-correction technique were applied. The resulting median dNBR optimality of uncorrected, c-corrected and modified c-correction data was respectively 0.58, 0.60 and 0.71 (differences significant for p < 0.001). The original c-correction method improved the optimality of badly illuminated pixels while deteriorating the optimality of well-illuminated pixels. In contrast, the modified c-correction technique improved the optimality of all the pixels while retaining the prime characteristic of topographic correction techniques, i.e. detrending the illumination–reflectance relationship. For a minority of the data, for shaded pixels and/or pixels with a high image-to-image difference in illumination, the original c-correction outperformed the modified c-correction technique. In this study conducted in rugged terrain and with a bi-temporal image acquisition scheme that deviated up to two months from the ideal anniversary date scheme the modified c-correction technique resulted in a more reliable change detection. 相似文献
543.
Ross S. Lunetta Yang Shao Jayantha Ediriwickrema John G. Lyon 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2010
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 16-day composite data product (MOD12Q) was used to develop annual cropland and crop-specific map products (corn, soybeans, and wheat) for the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin (GLB). The crop area distributions and changes in crop rotations were characterized by comparing annual crop map products for 2005, 2006, and 2007. The total acreages for corn and soybeans were relatively balanced for calendar years 2005 (31,462 km2 and 31,283 km2, respectively) and 2006 (30,766 km2 and 30,972 km2, respectively). Conversely, corn acreage increased approximately 21% from 2006 to 2007, while soybean and wheat acreage decreased approximately 9% and 21%, respectively. Two-year crop rotational change analyses were conducted for the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 time periods. The large increase in corn acreages for 2007 introduced crop rotation changes across the GLB. Compared to 2005–2006, crop rotation patterns for 2006–2007 resulted in increased corn–corn, soybean–corn, and wheat–corn rotations. The increased corn acreages could have potential negative impacts on nutrient loadings, pesticide exposures, and sediment-mediated habitat degradation. Increased in US corn acreages in 2007 were related to new biofuel mandates, while Canadian increases were attributed to higher world-wide corn prices. Additional study is needed to determine the potential impacts of increases in corn-based ethanol agricultural production on watershed ecosystems and receiving waters. 相似文献
544.
Muhammad Adnan Paul A Longley Alex D Singleton Chris Brunsdon 《Transactions in GIS》2010,14(3):283-297
Geodemographic classifications provide discrete indicators of the social, economic and demographic characteristics of people living within small geographic areas. They have hitherto been regarded as products, which are the final “best” outcome that can be achieved using available data and algorithms. However, reduction in computational cost, increased network bandwidths and increasingly accessible spatial data infrastructures have together created the potential for the creation of classifications in near real time within distributed online environments. Yet paramount to the creation of truly real time geodemographic classifications is the ability for software to process and efficiency cluster large multidimensional spatial databases within a timescale that is consistent with online user interaction. To this end, this article evaluates the computational efficiency of a number of clustering algorithms with a view to creating geodemographic classifications “on the fly” at a range of different geographic scales. 相似文献
545.
Mohammad Awrangjeb Mehdi Ravanbakhsh Clive S. Fraser 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2010,65(5):457-467
This paper presents an automatic building detection technique using LIDAR data and multispectral imagery. Two masks are obtained from the LIDAR data: a ‘primary building mask’ and a ‘secondary building mask’. The primary building mask indicates the void areas where the laser does not reach below a certain height threshold. The secondary building mask indicates the filled areas, from where the laser reflects, above the same threshold. Line segments are extracted from around the void areas in the primary building mask. Line segments around trees are removed using the normalized difference vegetation index derived from the orthorectified multispectral images. The initial building positions are obtained based on the remaining line segments. The complete buildings are detected from their initial positions using the two masks and multispectral images in the YIQ colour system. It is experimentally shown that the proposed technique can successfully detect urban residential buildings, when assessed in terms of 15 indices including completeness, correctness and quality. 相似文献
546.
S. K. Goyal B. S. Chaudhary O. Singh G. K. Sethi P. K. Thakur 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2010,38(2):355-364
The present study has analyzed the variability in depth to water level below ground level (bgl) vis-à-vis groundwater development
and rainfall from 1987 to 2007 in agriculture dominated Kaithal district of Haryana state in India. Spatial distribution of
groundwater depth was mapped and classified into different zones using ILWIS 3.6 GIS tools. Change detection maps were prepared
for 1987–1997 and 1997–2007. Groundwater depletion rates during successive decades were compared and critical areas with substantial
fall in groundwater levels were identified. Further, block wise trends of change in groundwater levels were also analyzed.
The water table in fresh belt areas of the district (Gulha, Pundri and Kaithal blocks) was observed to decline by a magnitude
ranging from 10 m to 23 m. In Kalayat and Rajaund blocks, the levels were found fluctuating in a relatively narrow range of
4–9 m. During 1997–2007, the depletion has been faster compared to the preceding decade. Excessive groundwater depletion in
major part of the district may be attributed to indiscriminate abstraction for irrigation and decrease in rainfall experienced
since 1998. Changes in cropping pattern and irrigation methods are needed in the study area for sustainable management of
the resource. 相似文献
547.
R. Sridhar T. Thangaradjou L. Kannan S. Astalakshmi 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2010,38(3):565-575
Coastal resources viz., coral reefs, seagrasses, mangroves, and coastal land features viz., sandy beach, mudflats and salt
pan/aquaculture ponds were classified and assessed in the Palk Bay region of the south-east coast of India using IRS LISS
III satellite image (1996, 2000, 2002 and 2004). The study recorded an areal coverage of 286.95 ha of reef area during 2004,
which is 177.54 ha lesser than that of the reef area of 1996. The reef vegetation composed mainly of seaweeds has gained over
29.44 ha during the same period. Likewise, sand over reef area has also increased alarmingly i.e. 120.34 ha between 1996 and
2004. The seagrass beds of Munaikkadu region of the Palk Bay are comparatively protected and have gained over 7.5 ha between
1996 and 2004. It has been found that both the dense (2.99 ha) and sparse (36.45 ha) mangroves have gained their areal coverage
considerably between 1996 and 2004. Whereas in Devipattinam region, many anthropogenic pressures are exerted only on the seagrass
resources which has led to the reduction of over 785.5 ha of dense seagrass beds between 1996 and 2004. The study clearly
indicated that the resources are under the pressures of low to high threats, especially the coral reefs and seagrasses, if
the pressures continue, coastal resources of the Palk Bay may face serious threats of destruction in this part of the Bay
in the years to come. 相似文献
548.
Despeckling of TerraSAR-X Data Using Second-Generation Wavelets 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
549.
Bovolo F. Bruzzone L. Capobianco L. Garzelli A. Marchesi S. Nencini S. 《Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, IEEE》2010,7(1):53-57
550.
Contribution of new AAM data source to δLOD excitation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Data sets of the changes of the length of day (ΔLOD) measured by space geodetic techniques and of the atmospheric angular
momentum (AAM) derived from global meteorological data by the National Meteorological Center (NMC) and the National Centers
for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) are used to reanalyze and study the excitations
of ΔLOD, and to examine and compare the contribution of each AAM series to ΔLOD. The main results are as follows.
1. The AAM reanalyzed with the assimilated global meteorological data by NCEP/NCAR are more accurate and have lower noise
than the original AAM derived by NMC. The NCEP/NCAR-based AAM is more consistent with the changes of the length-of-day series.
2. The NCEP reanalysed AAM data may better explain the non-tidal LOD variations on intraseasonal to interannual time scales,
especially on the quasi-biennial time scale. The atmosphere cannot, however, explain all LOD variations; other excitation
sources are possible.
3. The effects of atmosphere on the estimated values of tides for ΔLOD components up to a month are weak. The preliminary
results of the annual and semiannual tides can be estimated after removing the effects of atmosphere from ΔLOD.
Received: 27 May 1998 / Accepted: 22 March 1999 相似文献