Estimation of Hourly and Daily Global Solar Radiation at Clear Days Using an Approach Based on Modified Version of Gaussian Distribution

The performance of two models,Jam and Baig,based on the modified version of Gaussian distribution function in estimating the daily total of global solar radiation and its distribution through the hours of the day from sunrise to sunset al any clear day is evaluated with our own measured data in the period from June 1992 to May 1993 in Qena Egypt The results show a high relative deviation of calculated values from measured ones,especially for Jain model,in the most hours of the day,except for those near to local noon.This misfit behavior is quite obvious in the early morning and late afternoon A new approach has been proposed in this paper to estimate the daily and hourly global solar radiation This model performs with very high accuracy on the recorded data in our region.The validity of this approach was verified with new measurements in some clear days in June and August 1994.The resultant very low relative deviation of the calculated values of global solar radiation from the measured ones confirms the     

高分辨区域输送模式中不同输送格式的对比试验

本文对两种输送格式在理论试验的基础上，引入19层高分辨区域输送模式EM3，由中尺度模式（MM4)提供实例输送风场，积分至13、18、30、50、70小时，作分析和对比数值试验。采用的两种格式是:二阶动量矩守恒的Prather格式（以下简称为SOM)及通量订正的Smolar格式。数值试验结果表明，高精度的SOM格式使数值扩散减小一个量级， 使输送物质（SO#-[2])中心浓度比Smolar格式增大3～4倍， 采用SOM格式还明显改进了浓度中心水平平均运动轨迹的模拟精度，选择高精度的平流格式是改进模拟结果的重要途径。     

煤矸石-水相互作用溶解动力学——Ⅱ.煤矸石微量金属元素的矿物学研究

通过对自然风化前后煤矸石微量重金属元素(Cd,Cu,Mo,Pb和Zn)含量与赋存状态的分析和研究发现:煤矸石的自然风化过程是一个微量重金属的富集过程.在这个过程中,以硫化物矿物存在的微量重金属随着硫的氧化而分解.但是,由于已风化煤矸石表面有机质和铁的胶体的存在,这些重金属元素没能迁移到周围环境中去,而是保留在煤矸石的残余构架中.这样,就微量重金属的污染而言,煤矸石对周围环境的影响是有限的.     

新仙女木期沙漠/黄土过渡带高分辨率泥炭记录——东亚季风气候颤动的实例

通过对气候敏感的沙漠/黄土过渡带中湖沼沉积进行高分辨率的~(14)C年代学和气候代用指标的研究,揭示了东亚季风气候存在着干冷(11.2～10.6kaBP)、湿凉(10.6～10.2kaBP)和干冷(10.2～10.0kaBP)的颤动特征。沙漠/黄土过渡带地处欧洲下风区,通过西风带与极地北大西洋气候相联系。晚冰期上述地区大气和海面温度变化引起西伯利亚～蒙古高压强度的变化,进一步影响东西区域性海-陆气压梯度的增强与减弱。因此,这一时期东亚季风气候这种百年尺度的快速颤动可视为高纬极地大陆气团与太平洋暖湿气团相互作用的写照。     

根据宽频带P波波形快速确定Mω

本文通过对发生在日本及其周围５￣７级地震的宽频带地震图的分析，发展通过对初至Ｐ波波形确定矩震级的技术，理论上我们把在宽频带地震仪记录的Ｐ波段位移作为一个挖的源时间函数，并对其积分，得到在每个台站的标量矩。我们的结果表明，对多道记录的组合，能在没有进行震源机制校正的情况下给出一个好的矩震级估计值，这个技术相当简单和稳健，因此，它将有效地对大地震可能引起的海啸进行快速评定。     

A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH TO MODELING 3D SEDIMENT-LADEN TURBULENT FLOWS

ＡＳＩＭＰＬＩＦＩＥＤＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＴＯＭＯＤＥＬＩＮＧ３ＤＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴ－ＬＡＤＥＮＴＵＲＢＵＬＥＮＴＦＬＯＷＳＤｏｎｇｈｕｏＺＨＯＵａｎｄＳａｍＳ．Ｙ．ＷＡＮＧＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ａ３－ｄｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｆｏｒｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｓ...     

Some experiments with multivariate objective analysis scheme of heights and winds using optimum interpolation

A two-dimensional, multitvariate objective analysis scheme for simultaneous analysis of geopotential height and wind fields has been developed over Indian and adjoining region for use in numerical weather prediction. The height-height correlations calculated using daily data of four July months (1976-1979), are used to derive the other autocorrelations and cross-correlations assuming geostropic relationship. A Gaussian function is used to model the autocorrelation function. Since the scheme is multivariate the regression coefficients (weights) are matrix.Near the equator, the geostrophic approximation relating mass and wind is decoupled in a way similar to Bergman (1979). The objective analyses were made over Indian and adjoining region for 850, 700, 500, 300 and 200 hPa levels for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, 12 GMT. The analyses obtained using multivariate optimum in-terpolation scheme depict the synoptic situations satisfactorily. The analyses were also compared with the FGGE ana-lyses (from ECMWF) and also with the station observations by computing the root mean square (RMS) errors and the RMS errors are comparable with those obtained in other similar studies.     

Numerical study on dry deposition processes in canopy layer

A coupling model between the canopy layer (CL) and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) for the study of dry deposition velocity is developed. The model consists of six parts: chemical species conservation equation including absorptive factor; the species uptake action including detailed vertical variation of absorptive element in CL; momen-tum exchange in CL which is represented by a first-order closure momentum equation with an additional larger-scale diffusive term; momentum exchange in ABL which is described by a complete set of the ABL turbulent statistic parameters; absorptivity (or solubility or reflection) at the surface including effects of the physical and chemi-cal characters of the species, land type, seasonal and diurnal variations of the meteorological variables; and deposition velocity derived by distributions of the species with height in CL. Variational rules of the concentration and deposi-tion velocity with both height and time are simulated with the model for both corn and forest canopies. Results pre-dicted with the bulk deposition velocity derived in the paper consist well with experimental data.