地震的震级频度分布与古登堡：里克特关系式的偏离：大震之前的兆异…

本文介绍了表示地震的震级频度分布与古登堡－里克特关系式偏离的一种量度。以前曾认为震级频度分布遵从古登堡－里克特关系式，然而，实际分布常常与这一关系式偏离相当大。令ｎｉ，Ｎ，Ｍ０和ｂ分别是震级为Ｍｉ－Ｍｉ＋ΔＭ的事件数目、震极的下限以及古登堡－里克特关系式的ｂ值。     

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE RECORDED IN LAHORE AND MIANWALI OVER THE PAST THREE DECADES

Surface air temperatures recorded over the past three decades at the weather stations located in Lahore (anindustrialized and densely populated city) and Mianwali (a small and sparsely populated city) were analyzed in order tostudy their climatic trend.Lahore,where meteorological data are recorded at two weather stations (city station and air-port station) indicates a cooling trend,of about 0.5℃ per record period of 1953—1992,for the airport station (31°31′N,74°24′E) and a slight warming trend,of about 0.2℃,for the city station (31°33′N,74°20′E) for the record period of 1950—1992.The Mianwali weather station (32°33′N,71°31′E) also shows a slight cooling trend,of about 0.4℃ per recordperiod of 1959—1992.The climatic variability at these stations was studied by computing seasonal and annual tempera-ture anomalies.The results are explained in terms of the local environmental conditions.     

金(银)迁移和沉淀的原理(文摘) 1、在低温热液系统中金的沉淀机制

在温度低于250℃的低温热液系统中,金的性态往往取决于pH值和氧逸度。黄铁矿化和粘土矿化组合相对稳定时,金多以二硫络合物的形式运移。在砷含量较高的热液系统中,硫砷络合物往往占主导地位。在这种条件下,氧化作用、浓度减低和温度下降都可能引起金的沉淀。某些低品位金矿床就是由吸附和共沉淀作用形成的。搬运溶液中     

拉伸造山带的位移和应变模式

由拉伸造山带内的位移所造成的岩石组构,提供了一种方法,利用这种方法便可以鉴别大陆壳发生拉伸作用的几何模式。应变协调性的论证表明,引起有限拉伸力作用的原因可以是,横穿(1)面状非旋转断层或韧性剪切带,(2)在一水平挤离之上旋转的剪切带(多米诺模式),或者(3)山于水平纯剪切拉伸分量而发生旋转的剪切带(塑性模式)。正常的铲状剪切带的几何形态,可能是由于纯剪切分量(塑性模式)或面积丧失分量(面状剪切带模式)随深度发生变化而发展起来的。研究过在这些不同模式的几何格架中迭加的简单剪切、纯剪切拉伸作用和面积变化对岩石组构的影响。这些位移分量可以是依次或者是同时迭加的,它们决定了与一定量的构造拉伸作用相关的有限应变状态。位移与应变之间的关系,是用叶理倾角(或应变率)对剪切应变的图解和叶理倾角(或应变率)对构造拉伸作用的图解表示的。剪切应变图解说明不同位移分量对一个剪切带中岩石组构的影响,而构造拉伸图解则能更好地说明这些位移分量的区域性影响。野外地质人员可以用剪切应变图解和构造拉伸作用图解来解决下述问题:(1)根据应变率测量叶理方位及其变化,确定横穿一个区域的构造拉伸作用,(2)根据野外资料区别可能的各种拉伸模式,(3)评价剪切带的产状和覃度对位移量的影响。对将这些方法应用于亚利桑那州的变质核部杂岩体以及北美科迪勒拉山脉“盆地和山区”的野外工作中作了阐述。     

北克拉拉Ezhimala深成侵入体的辉长岩—英云闪长岩—奥长花岗岩—花岗岩套的地球化学

在北克拉拉,可能在Sargar期侵入的Ezhimala侵入体是一个成分上从辉长岩,英云闪长岩和奥长花岗岩到花岗岩连续变化的分异岩套。地球化学研究表明这个岩套是浅部生成的岩浆底辟侵位和分离结晶产物。在分离结晶产物中,主要的矿物相是角内石和斜长石,黑云母、钛铁氧化物是次要的分离矿物。这个岩套是这个地区许多成分多变的火成岩体之一,这些岩体是克拉拉区晚元古和早古生代重要岩浆事件的产物。     

美国国家天气局地面观测自动化现状与展望

当前,一个限制或削减全部工作和费用的压力正漫延着整个美国联邦政府,国家天气局在八十年代期间必须对此有所准备。同时,又要尽可能地满足广大公众对预报准确率和提高天气服务方面提出的要求。国家天气局准备在以下几方面进行努力:1.国家气象中心计算机的更换和继续改进指导产品;2.改进国内通讯(AFOS)和传递;3.提高卫星、雷达(RADAP,多普勒)和地面观测水平;4.改组预报组织。现就地面观测自动化概述如下:目前,国家天气局(NWS)现有人员1,200人,260多个地面观测站提供地面天气观测资料。观测方法仍以人工操作为主。随着各种先进传感器的出     

ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions

Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three + N reefs (NH4Cl added), three + P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three + N + P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 microM PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean = 0.9 microM NH4+; 0.5 microM PO4(-3)) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose = 36.2 microM NH4+; 5.1 microM PO4(-3)) declining to means of 11.3 microM NH4+ and 2.4 microM PO4(-3) at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals and giant clams) assimilated dissolved nutrients rapidly and were responsive to added nutrients. Coral mortality, not detected during the initial low-loading phase, became evident with increased nutrient dosage, particularly in Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen additions stunted coral growth, and phosphorus additions had a variable effect. Coral calcification rate and linear extension increased in the presence of added phosphorus but skeletal density was reduced, making corals more susceptible to breakage. Settlement of all coral larvae was reduced in nitrogen treatments, yet settlement of larvae from brooded species was enhanced in phosphorus treatments. Recruitment of stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living in coral rubble, was reduced in nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus treatments. Grazing rates and reproductive effort of various fish species were not affected by the nutrient treatments. Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments were responsive to nutrient loading with nitrogen fixation significantly increased in phosphorus treatments and denitrification increased in all treatments to which nitrogen had been added. Rates of bioerosion and grazing showed no significant effects of added nutrients. ENCORE has shown that reef organisms and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients. Impacts were dependent on dose level, whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus were elevated and were often species-specific. The impacts were generally sub-lethal and subtle and the treated reefs at the end of the experiment were visually similar to control reefs. Rapid nutrient uptake indicates that nutrient concentrations alone are not adequate to assess nutrient condition of reefs. Sensitive and quantifiable biological indicators need to be developed for coral reef ecosystems. The potential bioindicators identified in ENCORE should be tested in future research on coral reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic and cumulative effects of elevated nutrients and other environmental parameters, comparative studies of intact vs. disturbed reefs, offshore vs. inshore reefs, or the ability of a nutrient-stressed reef to respond to natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding of coral reef responses to anthropogenic impacts is necessary, particularly regarding the subtle, sub-lethal effects detected in the ENCORE studies.     

A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results

Five common numerical techniques for solving the advection-dispersion equation (finite difference, predictor corrector, total variation diminishing, method of characteristics, and modified method of characteristics) were tested using simulations of a controlled conservative tracer-test experiment through a heterogeneous, two-dimensional sand tank. The experimental facility was constructed using discrete, randomly distributed, homogeneous blocks of five sand types. This experimental model provides an opportunity to compare the solution techniques: the heterogeneous hydraulic-conductivity distribution of known structure can be accurately represented by a numerical model, and detailed measurements can be compared with simulated concentrations and total flow through the tank. The present work uses this opportunity to investigate how three common types of results--simulated breakthrough curves, sensitivity analysis, and calibrated parameter values--change in this heterogeneous situation given the different methods of simulating solute transport. The breakthrough curves show that simulated peak concentrations, even at very fine grid spacings, varied between the techniques because of different amounts of numerical dispersion. Sensitivity-analysis results revealed: (1) a high correlation between hydraulic conductivity and porosity given the concentration and flow observations used, so that both could not be estimated; and (2) that the breakthrough curve data did not provide enough information to estimate individual values of dispersivity for the five sands. This study demonstrates that the choice of assigned dispersivity and the amount of numerical dispersion present in the solution technique influence estimated hydraulic conductivity values to a surprising degree.     

Lysosomal membrane stability and metallothioneins in digestive gland of Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) as biomarkers in a field study

The lysosomal membrane destabilization and the metallothionein content in the digestive gland cells of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.), collected along the east coast of the North Adriatic (Istrian and Kvarnerine coast, Croatia), were examined over a period of four years (1996–1999). The lysosomal membrane stability, as a biomarker of general stress, showed that the membrane labilization period in mussels from polluted, urban- and industrial-related areas was significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared to mussels from control, clean sea water sites. In the harbour of Rijeka, the most contaminated site, the lysosomal membrane stability was reduced by more than 70% compared to the control. This method also proved to be a useful biomarker for detection of additional stress caused by short-term hypoxia that occurred once during this study inside the polluted and periodically quite eutrophic Pula Harbour. The concentration of metallothioneins in the mussel digestive gland, as a specific biomarker of exposure to heavy metals, did not reveal significant differences (p<0.05) between sites covered by this study.