Quantitative morphometric analysis of the Jama River profile in a tectonically active margin (Northwestern Ecuador)

The longitudinal profile of a river channel can be described in function of mathematical expressions. The logarithmic fit is the most used method to describe the relative equilibrium of a channel elevation profile. Rivers showing zones of high channel gradient and convex-upward profiles can be evaluated in function of the offset distance with respect to the logarithmic curve. The Jama River profile has been constructed using differential GPS data for the downstream reach and 4-m-grid DEM data base for the remaining headward profile. The resulting longitudinal profile shows a prominent knickpoint of about 80 m in elevation characterized by sharp local convexity. The offset distance in vertical direction from the logarithmic plot is interpreted as the successive accumulation of multiple uplift episodes associated with the Jama Fault System activity. The horizontal offset is suggested to represent the remaining retreated distance for the upstream propagation of the Jama knickpoint. The highly resistant Cretaceous rocks outcropping along the Jama knickpoint reach acts as an inflection point between two subprofiles that show well-fitted logarithmic curves, thereby representing a temporary partitioned equilibrium along the Jama River profile.     

Causes of rockfalls in Al-Huwayshah area,Yemen

According to topography of Yemen,most areas and villages are located at obligated crest,toe of mountain and under cliffs.Therefore Al-Huwayshah consisting of Tawilah sandstone group is characterized by steep slope reach to 90° in some areas.This area is affected by strong tectonic movements and faults that occurred during the geological epochs.This effect enhances to find out fractures and joints as well as the rocks become brittle and ready to slide depending on the position of area.And there are some frac...     

Simulation Study on High Energy Cosmic Electron Detection by Shower Image

Many projects have recently been carried out and proposed for observing high energy electrons since it is realized that cosmic ray electrons are very important when study-ing the dark matter particles and the acceleration mechanism of cosmic rays. An imaging calorimeter,BETS (Balloon-borne Electron Telescope with Scintillator fiber),has been de-veloped for this purpose. Using pattern analysis of the shower development,the electrons can be selected from those primary cosmic ray proton events with flux heights one-tenth that of the electrons. The Monte-Carlo simulation is indispensable for the instrument design,the sig-nal trigger and the data analysis. We present different shower simulation codes and compare the simulation results with the beam test and the flight data of BETS. We conclude that the code FLUKA2002 gives the most consistent results with the experimental data.     

野生二粒小麦 Triticum dicoccoides抗杀锈病基因 YrH52分子定位的初步研究(英文)

主要对以色列野生二粒小麦赫尔蒙种群中分离获得的一个抗条锈病基因进行了分子定位研究 ,将源于赫尔蒙山具抗杀锈病的种系 T.dicoccides H52与普通的栽培种 Langdon进行杂交并创建了 F2 代遗传图。研究发现 H52种系抗条锈病的能力由一种显性基因控制 ,将其暂定名为 Yr H52。从 1 2 0个微卫星标记中 ,已经检测到来自亲本 91 %的多态性 ,而且从其中 56个微卫星分子标记中产生了 79个分离的位点 ,有 9个位点显示出了与 Yr H 52基因连锁 ,其重组率 0 .0 2～ 0 .3 5,遗传距离 2 .0 0～ 4 3 .3 7cm之间 ,L OD值 3 .56～ 54.2 2。由 1 0个微卫星位点和 Yr H52构建的染色体 1 B遗传图 ,其图距全长为 1 0 1 .5cm。Yr H52基因位于 Xgwm2 64 a和 Xgwm2 64 c之间 ,且与 Xgwm2 64 a、Xgwm1 8紧密连锁 ,两侧依次分别与 Xgwm1 3 1 a、Xgwm63 6b、Xgwm2 64 c、Xgwm4 0 3 a、Xgwm1 53、Xgwm550 a和 Xgwm1 2 4连锁。同时 ,Yr H52也与 REL P标记物 N or1紧密连锁 ,图距 1 .4 cm,L OD2 9.62。这显然与野生二粒小麦另一个抗条锈病基因 Yr1 5不同 ,研究证明 Yr1 5与 N or1图距是 1 1 .0 cm。     

全新世初期气候的数值模拟研究

本文尝试用一个完全耦合的大气-海洋-植被模式(Atmosphere-Ocean-Vegetation General Circulation Model, AOVGCM)模拟全新世初期的地球气候.模拟结果表明,耦合模式成功地再现了全新世初期复杂气候条件下的基本特征,为研究这一时期的气候状况提供了重要的模型支持.就全球平均而言,11ka BP冬季地表气温比现代约低1.6 K,夏季比现代低约0.3 K;大气温度从低层到高层有不同的表现,高层反映了太阳辐射的重要作用,而低层气候对下垫面（如冰川、植被和海洋等）的影响比较敏感.从区域分布来看,11 ka BP冬季大部地区比现在偏干,但热带太平洋和南半球少部地区降水偏多;夏季大部地区比现在偏湿,亚洲和非洲季风偏强,主要的季风区降水偏多.     

非均匀孔隙介质中的弥散作用——(2)层状二维空间间断系统的预报

第一部分(Plumb和whitaker,本期)提出的闭合法对层状系统和二维空间间断系统进行了求解,其中我们所说的w和η区形成了在空间分布的孔隙介质。闭合法问题的解使我们得到确定大范围弥散张量所需要的数据和解大范围弥散方程所需要的另外一些参数。层状系统的理论结果展示的纵向弥散系数与利用室内视均质孔隙介质根据传统关系式所得到的纵向弥散系数相比要增大几个数量级。对于这种情况的研究,混合时间—空间系数看来是重要的,而且能够引起弥散系数增大的条件该系数值也增大。二维空间间断系统的结果与实验观测是一致的,而且我们发现非均匀性的规模和两个区之间的水力传导系数的差别对大范围弥散张量具有重要影响。正如层状介质情况那样,时间—空间混合导数(不对称向量)的系数的预测值表明该项可能是非均质孔隙介质的物质运移预报的一个重要的因子。     

滑脱断层带内流体与岩石相互作用的构造样式

北美科迪勘拉地区变质核部杂岩体和相关的滑脱断层表现为缓倾斜、正向位移型剪切带(滑脱断层带),热的深层地壳沿着滑脱断层带从脆性扩张的上盘岩板下面上和向外运移。滑脱断层带由韧性向脆性演化期间形成的构造,可以用来恢复剪切带内不同层次的流体压力和差应力的相对大小。发生在脆韧性过渡带以下滑脱断层更深地段的糜棱岩化作用,局部地伴随有指示低的偏应力和商的流体压力的张性破裂。这种状态说明最早期是脆性变形,然后由于流体压力的降低和偏应力的升高而形成了剪性破裂。在低的流体压力条件下,上盘岩扳岩石广泛发育脆性变形。构造和地球化学资料说明,滑脱断层带上的正向位移导致了两套流体系统的形式:(1)以近静水压力下大气的和同生的流体占优势,并通过热对流驱动的上盘岩板系统,(2)剪切带更深层次内的系统,此处流体主要来自岩浆源,而流体迁移服从扩容泵机制。滑脱断层带上正向位移的晚期,在构造上使受两套流体系统影响的岩石同时存在,并局部地使剪切带岩石经受与上盘岩扳流体系统相关的矿化作用的影响。     

拉斑玄武质岩浆极端分异之实例—Loch Ba环状岩墙的岩石学与地球化学

苏格兰西北部马尔地区Loch Ba环状岩墙系由条带状流纹溶结凝灰岩组成。该流纹岩含有大量暗色隐晶质包体。根据流纹岩及其暗色包体的结构构造特征、斑晶矿物及组合、含量、化学成分特征和全岩的常量元素变化特征，认为Loch Ba岩墙之深部存在着一强烈分带的岩浆房，岩浆房上部为流纹质岩浆，其下为强烈分带区，由英安质至底部至少是镁铁质安山岩浆组成。岩浆的分异结晶作用、深部岩浆对来自上部岩浆的捕获晶的同化作用及蚀变作用是造成岩石主要元素一系列变化的原因。