利用纵波地震资料确定方位各向异性的主方向

在方位各向异性介质中,方位各向异性的主方向就是准纵波和准横汉传播的方向,即准纵波和准横波为纯纵波和纯横波方式的方向。如果方位各向异性是由作用于一个方位各向同性背景中的定向垂直裂缝引起的,则这些主方向中的其中两个对应平行和垂直于裂缝的方向。横波穿过一个方位各向异性介质时,对与主方向有关的传播方向很敏感。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELING OF COHESIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY TIDAL CURRENT IN PEARL RIVER ESTUARV

IINTRODUCTIONEstUariesareprominentcoastalfeatUres.Estuariesareofgreateconomicssignificancetomankind.Attheseareas,manyharborsandwaterchannelshavetobebuiltforeconomicpurposes.ThedesignandconstrUctionofcoastalstrUctUresinestUariesrequireknowledgeofhydrodynamicsaswellassedimenttransportinsuchregions.ThenatUreofestuariesiscontrolledbyvariouscoastalhydrodynamicprocesses.Undertheactionofhydrodynamics,sedimentdepositionsorerosionswilloccurinestuariesornearcoastalstrUCtures.Tomaintainnavigati…     

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE BENDS

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利用BEM法和压磁位面积分联合计算构造磁效应：二维情形研究

为了估计由不同构造模型所产生的地磁场变化,提出了采用对二维磁化体进行面积分的新方法。该方法以边界元方法(BEM)和面积分公式相结合为基础。BEM法可对任意形状的磁弹性体进行计算。而面积分技术比体积分公式计算要节省CPU时间。特别是,BEM法可处理含有实际复杂地形的构造磁问题。利用对求解有充分研究的Yukutake模型对新方法进行了检验。利用本方法获得的Yukutake模型计算结果与用数字体积分的计算结果基本一致。该方法同样能应用于考虑起伏地形影响的构造磁问题。地形效应的初步计算表明,模型校正约为1nT左右。     

用爆炸源和天然地震源对圣安德烈斯断层成像

现有证据说明,断层带的不均匀性可能在地震破裂局域化中起决定性的作用(Aki,1995)。这种不均匀性可以呈现多种形式,如物理性质(弹性、孔隙流体压力等)随空间的变化,或断层面的复杂性(弯曲、错断等)。P波和S波速度(v_p和v_S)结构的高分辨率三维模型以及精确的震源为研究断层带不均匀性对破裂局域化的作用     

Diurnal SST warming in the Bay of Biscay: satellite measurements and model prediction

INTRODUCTIONIt has long been recognized that a diurnal thermal cycle occurs in the upper layer of the ocean(Stommel et al., 1969; Price and Weller, 1986). Interest in the subject has revived in recentyears due to the importance of resolving the diurnal cycle for correctly coupling the ocean and atmosphere (Lukas, 1991 ). While the study of the diurnal cycle is of intrinsic scientific interest, italso offers the benefit to remote sensing scientists of identifying the bias caused by the di…     

Changes in Agricultural Biodiversity： Implications for Sustainable Livelihood in the Himalaya

Himalayan mountain system is distinguished globally for a rich biodiversity and for its role in regulating the climate of the South Asia.Traditional crop-livestock mixed farming in the Himalaya is highly dependent on forests for fodder and manure prepared from forest leaf litter and livestock excreta. Apart from sustaining farm production, forests provide a variety of other tangible and intangible benefits, which are critical for sustainable livelihood of not only 115 million mountain people, but also many more people living in the adjoining plains. Extension of agricultural landuse coupled with replacement of traditional staple food crops by cash crops and of multipurpose agroforestry trees by fruit trees are widespread changes. Cultivation of Fagopyrum esculentum,Fagopyrum tataricum, Panicum miliaceum, Setaria italica and Pisum arvense has been almost abandoned. Increasing stress on cash crops is driven by a socio-cultural change from subsistence to market economy facilitated by improvement in accessibility and supply of staple food grains at subsidized price by the government. Farmers have gained substantial economic benefits from cash crops. However, loss of agrobiodiversity implies more risks to local livelihood in the events of downfall in market price/demand of cash crops, termination of supply of staple food grains at subsidized price, pest outbreaks in a cash crop dominated homogeneous landscape and abnormal climate years. Indigenous innovations enabling improvement in farm economy by conserving and/enhancing agrobiodiversity do exist, but are highly localized. The changes in agrobiodiversity are such that soil loss and run-off from the croplands have dramatically increased together with increase in local pressure on forests. As farm productivity is maintained with forest-based inputs, continued depletion of forest resources will result in poor economic returns from agriculture to local people,apart from loss of global benefits from Himalayan forests. Interventions including improvement in traditional manure and management of on-farm trees,participatory development of agroforestry in degraded forest lands and policies favoring economic benefits to local people from non-timber forest products could reduce the risks of decline in agricultural biodiversity and associated threats to livelihoods and Himalayan ecosystems.     

哥伦比亚马钦火山热液系统:2011～2013年期间观测到的新岩浆信号

近年来(2009～2013年)哥伦比亚马钦火山出现了新的地震活动。为了改善火山监测系统,本文通过分析该地区火山喷气孔和温泉的化学成分及同位素组成,研究了火山排放的流体地球化学特征。由于火山喷气孔中下部液相分离,导致穹丘中上部的喷气孔亏损δD和δ~(18)O(与大气降雨补给的流体相比)。在2011～2013年期间,发现喷气孔有很明显的岩浆成因He,同时排放的液体中岩浆的贡献量也有所增加,证实了地震活动性的增强。地球化学和地震资料都显示马钦火山已经苏醒,说明该火山仍然处于活跃期,值得我们对其活动性进行重点监测。     

大功率低频可控震源在主动源地震学中的应用

过去的20年里,俄罗斯在主动源地震学中一直使用大功率(40吨和10吨)低频可控震源。这种震源可产生频带为1.5～3Hz,3～6Hz,5～10Hz,出力高达100吨的可控震源。该震源的可移动类型出力为40吨,频带宽度为6～12Hz。100吨级可控震源激发地震波的传播距离可达到350km,折射波向下可穿透达50km深度。震源运行过程具有高度可重复性,其产生的信号频谱有"夏季"与"冬季"两种不同模式。在长地震剖面上可以通过地震频谱的变化来估计断层带的埋深,其他的应用主要有深地震剖面、地震危险性区划、结构检测、各向异性导致的应力变化研究、地震事件定位、大型建筑的完整性检测。附录中给出了大功率低频可控震源的理论描述和数值实例。     

英国气象局长期天气预报业务的技术方法和商业价值

英国气象局的长期天气预报,是每月第二周的星期一发布。预报时段为1—5天,6—15天和16—30天。预报区有10个,预报要素是平均气温和降水。制作这些预报,首先是报出这三个预报时段的平均地面气压(1—5天的预报只报1000—500hPa 的厚度场)。所使用的预报方法如表1: