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51.
Andreas Muschinski Ror Frehich Mike Jensen Ron Hugo Axel Hoff Frank Eaton Ben Balsley 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,98(2):219-250
Two state-of-the-art, high-resolution, in situ turbulence measurement systems, which can be deployed at altitudes well above the atmospheric surface layer, are compared: the Tethered Lifting System (TLS) of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, and the helicopter-borneturbulence measurement system HELIPOD of the Technical UniversityBraunschweig, Germany, and the University of Hanover, Germany. Whilethe CIRES TLS is a fixed-point platform, HELIPOD is a moving platform.On the basis of data taken with the two systems in separate field campaigns,the system capabilities are quantified and discussed. Criteria for instrumentalrequirements are presented. It is shown that both the CIRES TLS and HELIPODare well suited for measuring fine-scale turbulence that is characterized by very small temperature structure parameters 106 K2 m–2/3 and smaller) and very small energy dissipation rates (10-7 m2 s-3 and smaller). The authors are not aware of any other turbulence measurement systems that have similar capabilities and can be deployed at altitudes of up to several kilometres. The HELIPOD is ideal for high-resolution horizontal measurements while the TLS is ideal for high-resolution vertical measurements using multiple sensors attached to a suspended line. 相似文献
52.
Paul Docherty Ron Silva Satish Singh Zhong-Min Song Margaret Wood 《Geophysical Prospecting》1997,45(5):865-878
Migration velocity analysis, a method for determining long wavelength velocity structure, is a critical step in prestack imaging. Solution of this inverse problem is made difficult by a multimodal objective function; a parameter space often vast in extent; and an evaluation procedure for candidate solutions, involving the calculation of depth-migrated image gathers, that can be prohibitively expensive. Recognizing the global nature of the problem, we employ a genetic algorithm (GA) in the search for the optimum velocity model. In order to describe a model efficiently, regions of smooth variation are identified and sparsely parametrized. Region boundaries are obtained via map migration of events picked on the zero-offset time section. Within a region, which may contain several reflectors, separate components describe long and short wavelength variations, eliminating from the parameter space, models with large velocity fluctuations. Vital to the success of the method is rapid model evaluation, achieved by generating image gathers only in the neighbourhood of specific reflectors. Probability of a model, which we seek to maximize, is derived from the flatness of imaged events. Except for an initial interpretation of the zero-offset time section, our method is automatic in that it requires no picking of residual moveout on migrated gathers. Using an example data set from the North Sea, we show that it is feasible to solve for all velocity parameters in the model simultaneously: the method is global in this respect also. 相似文献
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Ron Abler 《The Professional geographer》1970,22(5):270-274
56.
3-D Shoreline Extraction from IKONOS Satellite Imagery 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shorelines are recognized as unique features on Earth. They have valuable properties for a diverse user community. At present, photogrammetry is the most popular technique used to capture a shoreline. With improved resolution and accuracy, commercial high-resolution satellite imagery is demonstrating a great potential in the photogrammetry application domain. One example is the utilization of IKONOS satellite imagery in shoreline extraction. IKONOS panchromatic imagery has a resolution of approximately one meter as well as the capabilities of stereo imaging. This article presents the results of an experiment in which we attempted to improve IKONOS Rational Functions (RF) for a better ground accuracy and to employ the improved RF for 3-D shoreline extraction using 1-meter panchromatic stereo images in a Lake Erie coastal area. Two approaches were investigated. One was to rectify the ground coordinates derived from vendor-provided RF coefficients using ground control points (GCPs). The other was to refine the RF coefficients using the GCPs. We compare the results from these two approaches. An assessment of the shoreline extracted from IKONOS images compared with the existing shoreline is also conducted to demonstrate the potential of the IKONOS imagery for shoreline mapping. 相似文献
57.
Concentrations of zinc, cadmium, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and molybdenum are examined in brown algae, Fucus serratus and F. vesiculosus, from Cardigan Bay, Irish Sea, Great Britain. In both species a seasonal variation in metal content was observed. Zinc, cadmium, copper, iron nickel and cobalt concentrations were highest in the spring and lowest in the autumn, probably reflecting levels of metabolic activity and climatic factors. All the studied elements, except nickel, reached highest concentrations in harbour specimens from Aberystwyth and Aberaeron where rivers draining mineralized areas enter the sea. Outside harbours, marked regional variations were observed in most of the studied elements. Zinc values were highest in the Aberystwyth area while copper and manganese were highest in the northeast part of the bay.Trace-element concentrations varied among different species from the same locality and also varied according to position on the shore.Marine algae may be used to monitor coastal-water trace-metal concentrations, provided a careful sampling procedure is adopted. 相似文献
58.
Cypermethrin induces glutathione S-transferase activity in the shore crab,Carcinus maenas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gowlan BT Moffat CF Stagg RM Houlihan DF Davies IM 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(2):169-177
Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid that is particularly toxic to crustacea. It is therefore applied as a chemotherapeutant in the salmonid aquaculture industry for the treatment of sea lice infestations. After use, cypermethrin is released directly into the marine environment, to be diluted by fresh seawater. The shore crab, Carcinus maenas is found in the vicinity of fish farms, and may come into contact with released cypermethrin. The detoxification enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST) has been implicated in cypermethrin metabolism in terrestrial arthropods, but this has not yet been demonstrated in crustacea. In this paper we investigate the response of GST activity in Carcinus to cypermethrin exposure, and also the time course of the induction process. GST activity is significantly increased in Carcinus exposed to nominal concentrations of 50 and 500 ng/l of water-borne cypermethrin. Carcinus demonstrate a significant elevation in GST activity following intra-cephalothoracic injection with 10 ng of cypermethrin. GST activity returns to basal levels after 36 h. The potential application of GST activity in Carcinus as a biomarker of cypermethrin exposure is discussed. 相似文献
59.
60.
Linearly Organized Turbulence Structures Observed Over a Suburban Area by Dual-Doppler Lidar 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Dual-Doppler lidar observations are used to investigate the structure and evolution of surface-layer flow over a suburban
area. The observations were made during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) field experiment in Oklahoma City, U.S.A. in the summer
of 2003. This study focuses specifically on a 10-h sequence of scan data beginning shortly after noon local time on 7 July
2003. During this period two coherent Doppler lidars performed overlapping low elevation angle sector scans upwind and south
of Oklahoma City’s central business district. Radial velocity data from the two lidars are processed to reveal the structure
and evolution of the horizontal velocity field in the surface layer throughout the afternoon and during the evening transition
period. The retrieved velocity fields clearly show a tendency for turbulence structures to be elongated in the direction of
the mean flow throughout the entire 10-h study period. In order to quantify the observed anisotropy and its dependence on
stability, integral length scales are estimated directly from the spatially resolved velocity retrievals. As the flow became
more stably stratified the characteristic cross-stream dimension of the linear structures decreased. The streamwise component
was consistently more anisotropic than the cross-stream component, and both velocity components exhibited maximum anisotropy
under neutral conditions. The ratio of the streamwise to cross-stream length scale was estimated to be about eight for the
streamwise component, and four for the cross-stream component under neutral conditions. 相似文献