Which catchment characteristics control the temporal dependence structure of daily river flows?

Hydrological classification systems seek to provide information about the dominant processes in the catchment to enable information to be transferred between catchments. Currently, there is no widely agreed‐upon system for classifying river catchments. This paper develops a novel approach to classifying catchments based on the temporal dependence structure of daily mean river flow time series, applied to 116 near‐natural ‘benchmark’ catchments in the UK. The classification system is validated using 49 independent catchments. Temporal dependence in river flow data is driven by the flow pathways, connectivity and storage within the catchment and can thus be used to assess the influence catchment characteristics have on moderating the precipitation‐to‐flow relationship. Semi‐variograms were computed for the 116 benchmark catchments to provide a robust and efficient way of characterising temporal dependence. Cluster analysis was performed on the semi‐variograms, resulting in four distinct clusters. The influence of a wide range of catchment characteristics on the semi‐variogram shape was investigated, including: elevation, land cover, physiographic characteristics, soil type and geology. Geology, depth to gleyed layer in soils, slope of the catchment and the percentage of arable land were significantly different between the clusters. These characteristics drive the temporal dependence structure by influencing the rate at which water moves through the catchment and/or the storage in the catchment. Quadratic discriminant analysis was used to show that a model with five catchment characteristics is able to predict the temporal dependence structure for un‐gauged catchments. This method could form the basis for future regionalisation strategies, as a way of transferring information on the precipitation‐to‐flow relationship between gauged and un‐gauged catchments. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes by published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chromium Augite - A New Microprobe Reference Sample

A microprobe reference sample was made from a portion of a large and homogeneous single crystal of augite which contains 0.85% of Cr₂O₃. The relatively high chromium content of this augite increases its usefulness as a microprobe reference sample.     

四川龙门山地区反转构造样式分析及其成因机制探讨

反转构造是当今构造地质学研究的新兴热点领域,本文尝试以反转构造和断层相关褶皱理论来探讨龙门山褶皱冲断带及川西前陆盆地中的反转构造样式及其成因。著者在综合前人研究成果的基础上,通过野外地质调查,室内构造分析与建模系统研究了龙门山地区典型的反转构造样式,讨论了龙门山带的反转性质,主干断裂的成因以及反转动力学机制。研究表明,龙门山的发育机制为一斜向正反转过程,区内发育有反转断层转折褶皱、被动陆缘型反转滑脱褶皱、反转断层传播褶皱以及受古生代裂谷控制的反转构造等反转构造类型;反转时期主要为印支期,本区在印支运动之前同时属被动陆缘和裂谷的构造背景;进入印支期后,受扬子陆块、华北陆块、羌塘陆块之间相互碰撞的影响而造山。该过程在本区不同地段表现存在差异,这种差异受控于前期的构造格局以及后期不同方向挤压应力的叠加。四川前陆盆地的发育和该过程有密切的联系,盆地内部具有裂谷构造反转的证据。     

Contemporary fiddling in human geography while Rome burns: has quantitative analysis been largely abandoned--and should it be?

Chris Hamnett [Geoforum 34 (2003) 1] has certainly been provocative in his claim that the nature of much contemporary human geography means that the discipline ‘will cease to be taken seriously in the world beyond the narrow confines of academe’ (p. 1). Much of his critique focuses on what he terms ‘post-modernism, new cultural geography and the interpretative turn’ (p. 2) practiced by those he identifies as ‘the new intellectual dilettanti’ (p. 3). In responding, however, our concern is not with that aspect of his critique, but rather with Hamnett’s misrepresentation of one section of contemporary human geography.     

甲基卡式锂矿田控矿作用与深部找矿方向

锂是我国重要的战略性新兴关键矿产。位于青藏高原东缘的甲基卡锂矿是全球最大的硬岩型锂矿田,同时也伴生大量铍、铌、钽、铷及铯等稀有金属。隐伏花岗岩体的形态,花岗岩与伟晶岩关系,以及细晶岩型和伟晶岩型锂矿体(脉)的空间分布是认识锂成矿控矿作用的关键。本文以甲基卡锂矿田为研究对象,通过高精度重力测量,建立了隐伏花岗岩穹丘的三维模型,推断了花岗岩体的形态及延伸;同时还利用大地电磁测深和钻探验证,揭示了X03、309、134等超大型、大型锂等矿脉与二云母花岗岩的关系。提出了复式(多中心)花岗岩浆底辟穹隆、不混溶Li-F花岗质岩浆脉动式充填-交代以及半开放的剪张裂隙控制大(矿)脉的认识,探讨了以花岗岩细晶岩型锂矿为主体,并与伟晶岩型锂矿共存的成因。这对第四系覆盖程度高的地区的找矿具有重要指导意义。隐伏花岗岩株(枝)形成的多中心小穹窿周缘是找矿有利部位。对隐伏花岗岩体向北北西倾伏的推断、岩石组合特征(是否只有二云母花岗岩单一岩石类型)等的认识还需在矿田北部加强探深科学验证;对于甲基卡式稀有金属超常富集过程的问题还需要继续探索研究,以期深部锂矿找矿突破。