全文获取类型
收费全文 | 445篇 |
免费 | 16篇 |
国内免费 | 9篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 31篇 |
大气科学 | 30篇 |
地球物理 | 87篇 |
地质学 | 215篇 |
海洋学 | 53篇 |
天文学 | 22篇 |
综合类 | 2篇 |
自然地理 | 30篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 2篇 |
2020年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 10篇 |
2017年 | 12篇 |
2016年 | 3篇 |
2015年 | 15篇 |
2014年 | 16篇 |
2013年 | 26篇 |
2012年 | 18篇 |
2011年 | 23篇 |
2010年 | 20篇 |
2009年 | 19篇 |
2008年 | 18篇 |
2007年 | 28篇 |
2006年 | 18篇 |
2005年 | 15篇 |
2004年 | 11篇 |
2003年 | 15篇 |
2002年 | 18篇 |
2001年 | 11篇 |
2000年 | 14篇 |
1999年 | 13篇 |
1998年 | 14篇 |
1997年 | 6篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1966年 | 4篇 |
1960年 | 2篇 |
1959年 | 2篇 |
1955年 | 2篇 |
1953年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有470条查询结果,搜索用时 578 毫秒
131.
Grant D. Zazula Duane G. Froese Scott A. Elias Svetlana Kuzmina Rolf W. Mathewes 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(17-18):2220-2237
Fossil arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii) middens were recovered from ice-rich loess sediments in association with Sheep Creek-Klondike and Dominion Creek tephras (ca 80 ka) exposed in west-central Yukon. These middens provide plant and insect macrofossil evidence for a steppe-tundra ecosystem during the Early Wisconsinan (MIS 4) glacial interval. Midden plant and insect macrofossil data are compared with those previously published for Late Wisconsinan middens dating to ~25–2914C ka BP (MIS 3/2) from the region. Although multivariate statistical comparisons suggest differences between the relative abundances of plant macrofossils, the co-occurrence of steppe-tundra plants and insects (e.g., Elymus trachycaulus, Kobresia myosuroides, Artemisia frigida, Phlox hoodii, Connatichela artemisiae) provides evidence for successive reestablishment of the zonal steppe-tundra habitats during cold stages of the Late Pleistocene. Arctic ground squirrels were well adapted to the cold, arid climates, steppe-tundra vegetation and well-drained loessal soils that characterize cold stages of Late Pleistocene Beringia. These glacial conditions enabled arctic ground squirrel populations to expand their range to the interior regions of Alaska and Yukon, including the Klondike, where they are absent today. Arctic ground squirrels have endured numerous Quaternary climate oscillations by retracting populations to disjunct “interglacial refugia” during warm interglacial periods (e.g., south-facing steppe slopes, well-drained arctic and alpine tundra areas) and expanding their distribution across the mammoth-steppe biome during cold, arid glacial intervals. 相似文献
132.
Rolf Schumacher Ulrike Mues-Schumacher Vedat Toprak 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2001,112(1-4)
The Sarikavak Tephra from the central Galatean Volcanic Province (Turkey) represents the deposit of a complex multiple phase plinian eruption of Miocene age. The eruptive sequence is subdivided into the Lower-, Middle-, and Upper Sarikavak Tephra (LSKT, MSKT, USKT) which differ in type of deposits, lithology and eruptive mechanisms.The Lower Sarikavak Tephra is characterised by pumice fall deposits with minor interbedded fine-grained ash beds in the lower LSKT-A. Deposits are well stratified and enriched in lithic fragments up to >50 wt% in some layers. The upper LSKT-B is mainly reversely graded pumice fall with minor amounts of lithics. It represents the main plinian phase of the eruption. The LSKT-A and B units are separated from each other by a fine-grained ash fall deposit. The Middle Sarikavak Tephra is predominantly composed of cross-bedded ash-and-pumice surge deposits with minor pumice fall deposits in the lower MSKT-A and major pyroclastic flow deposits in the upper MSKT-B unit. The Upper Sarikavak Tephra shows subaerial laminated surge deposits in USKT-A and subaqueous tephra beds in USKT-B.Isopach maps of the LSKT pumice fall deposits as well as the fine ash at the LSKT-A/B boundary indicate NNE–SSW extending depositional fans with the source area in the western part of the Ovaçik caldera. The MSKT pyroclastic flow and surge deposits form a SW-extending main lobe related to paleotopography where the deposits are thickest.Internal bedding and lithic distribution of the LSKT-A result from intermittent activity due to significant vent wall instabilities. Reductions in eruption power from (partial) plugging of the vent produced fine ash deposits in near-vent locations and subsequent explosive expulsion of wall rock debris was responsible for the high lithic contents of the lapilli fall deposits. A period of vent closure promoted fine ash fall deposition at the end of LSKT-A. The subsequent main plinian phase of the LSKT-B evolved from stable vent conditions after some initial gravitational column collapses during the early ascent of the re-established eruption plume. The ash-and-pumice surges of the MSKT-A are interpreted as deposits from phreatomagmatic activity prior to the main pyroclastic flow formation of the MSKT-B. 相似文献
133.
A chemistry module has been incorporated into a Lagrangian type model that computes the dynamics and microphysics of an orographical cloud formed in moist air flowing over the summit of Great Dun Fell (GDF) in England. The cloud droplets grow on a maritime aerosol which is assumed to be an external mixture of sea-salt particles and ammonium-sulfate particles. The dry particle radii are in the range 10 nm<r<1 µm. The gas-phase chemical reaction scheme considers reactions of nitrogen compounds that are important at night. The treatment of scavenging of gases into the aqueous phase in the model takes into account the different solubilities and accommodation coefficients. The chemistry in the aqueous phase focusses on the oxidation of S(IV) via different pathways.Sensitivity analyses have been performed to investigate deviations from gas-liquid equilibria according to Henry's law and also to study the influence of iron and of nitrogen compounds on the aqueous-phase oxidation of dissolved SO2. When addressing these questions, special attention has been given to the dependence on the droplet size distribution and on the chemical composition of the cloud condensation nuclei on which the droplets have formed. It was found that the oxidation of S(IV) via a chain reaction of sulfur radicals can be important under conditions where H2O2 is low. However, major uncertainties remain with respect to the interaction of iron with the radical chain. It was shown that mixing of individual cloud droplets, which are not in equilibrium according to Henry's law, can result in a bulk sample in equilibrium with the ambient air. The dependence of the aqueous-phase concentrations on the size of the cloud droplets is discussed for iron, chloride and NO3. 相似文献
134.
Rolf Sander 《Surveys in Geophysics》1999,20(1):1-31
For detailed modeling of atmospheric chemistry it is necessary to consider aqueous-phase reactions in cloud droplets and deliquesced aerosol particles. Often, the gas-phase concentration is in equilibrium with the aqueous phase. Then Henrys law can be used to describe the distribution between the phases provided that the Henrys law coefficient is known. In some cases, thermodynamic equilibrium will not be reached and it is necessary to use kinetic expressions of the rates involved. These rates depend on diffusion constants, accommodation coefficients, Henrys law coefficients, particle size distributions, and several other parameters. This review describes how these processes can be treated in computer modeling and how the necessary data can be obtained. Even though it is written primarily for use in modeling atmospheric chemistry, some parts will also be useful for waste water and pesticide control and in other areas where the distribution of chemicals between the aqueous and the gas phase is important. 相似文献
135.
Small Archaean, pre-metamorphic layered sill-like intrusions showing Stillwatertype differentiation are widespread in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia. The sills have undergone low-grade metamorphism, but the retention of some original minerals and excellent preservation of primary textures have enabled most of their original features to be reconstructed. Despite their small size in comparison with well known layered intrusions, simple differentiation sequences are developed ranging upwards from dunite and harzburgite through orthopyroxenite, norite, norite-gabbro and gabbro to granophyre and anorthosite. The parent magma for the sills appears to have been rich in MgO (15–18%) and is probably represented by the spatially associated high-Mg basalts found in the region. The complexes are interpreted as being contemporaneous with volcanism and may be high-level emplacements. 相似文献
136.
Rolf Klopp 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1969,1(2-3):145-156
ZusammenfassungBaugeologische Probleme bei der Gründung des Biggekraftwerkes auf verkarsteten Devonischen Riffkalken im Sauerland und ihre Lösung Im nördlichen Gründungsbereich des Kraftwerkes der Biggetalsperre im Sauerland tauchten steilstehende, kalkige Schichten auf, in die Riffkalkklötze von unterschiedlicher Verteilung eingelagert waren. Während die Kalkmergelschiefer nur starke Entkalkungserscheinungen aufwiesen, zeigten sich in den Riffkalkzonen echte Karsthohlräume.Die Ecke eines wesentlichen Bauwerksteiles des Kraftwerkes lag über einer kolkartig eingebrochenen und mit Geröllen gefüllten Karsthöhle. Diese Kraftwerksbereiche wurden daher auskragend konstruiert. Die Lasten mußte das südlich anschließende nichtverkarstete Gebirge aufnehmen. Das völlig regellose Auftauchen verkarsteter Riffbereiche ließ aber die Gefahr vermuten, daß auch der standfeste Gebirgsteil durch Karsteinbrüche unterschnitten werden könnte. Dies umso mehr, als die Schichtung in Richtung des Karstkolkes einfiel und Schichtpakete des an sich standfesten Gebirges abgleiten könnten. Um dies zu verhindern, wurden den besonderen Verkarstungsbedingungen angepaßte systematische Injektionen in 3 Phasen ausgeführt. Eingepreßt wurde ein Gemisch aus ca. 70% Zement, 25% Sand und 5% Bentonit.Als wesentlichste Folgerung für den Felsbau werden die Unterschiede der Verkarstung zwischen homogenen Kalksteinen und Riffkalksteinen herausgestellt.Zur sicheren Gründung von Bauwerken wird eine ausreichende baugeologische Untersuchung, enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Geologen und Ingenieur während der Planung und beim Bau sowie Anpassung der Bauausführung an die Besonderheiten des Karstes empfohlen.
Mit 4 Abbildungen 相似文献
SummaryEngineering Geological Problems During the Foundation of the Biggetal Power Plant on Karstified Devonian Reef Limestones in the Sauerland, and Their Solution In the northern foundation of the powerstation of the Biggetalsperre in Sauerland inclined marly slate with intercalated parts of reef knolls of different distribution is existing. These marly slate shows partly heavy decalcification. But the reef knolls exclusively were cavernous.The corner of an essential part of the powerstation was situated above a collapsed underground karstbridge, now filled with gravel. Therefore this part was constructed with cantilever and the weight had to be borne by the noncavernous rock neighboured in the south.The appearance of karstificated reef knolls without any preferred orientation seemed to be a danger for the stability of the rock in the south, that had to bear the total weight of the construction. This danger existed also in undercutting the solid rock. Beyond it the strata fell in the direction of the karst holes and therefore some sedimentary complexes of this rock incline to sliding. To prevent this a systematic injection program was started, the injection material consisting of 70% cement, 25% sand and 5% bentonite.The most important conclusions for construction in rock are that it is necessary to distinguish between the karstification of homogeneous limestone and rock with reefknollfacies. To obtain a solid foundation in such rock sufficient geological investigations are necessary. A tight teamwork between geologists and engineers during the planning period and the time of construction is as neccessary as to accomodate the construction on the speciality of karst.
RésuméProblèmes géologiques posés par la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge sur les calcaires coralliens karstiques du Devonien dans le Sauerland et ses solutions Cet article traite la fondation de la centrale du barrage du Bigge (Biggetalsperre) construite sur des couches calcaires du Devonien moyen supérieur dans le Sauerland (Allemagne occidentale).Dans la zone nord des fondations on est en présence de stratifications calcaires fortement inclinées parmi lesquelles se trouvent des blocs coralliens intercalés avec une répartition variable. Alors que les schistes marneux accusent une décalcification prononcée, de véritables vides karstiques apparaissent dans les zones coralliennes.La pointe d'une partie importante de l'ouvrage se trouvait justement sur une cavité karstique creusée depuis longtemps et à présent remplie d'éboulis (cailloux). Cette partie de la centrale fut construite en porte à faux. Les charges résultant de cette construction sont transmises à la partie sud non karstique du massif.L'émergement tout à fait irrégulier des récifs karstiques faisait apparaître le risque de voir la partie saine du massif se fragmenter sous l'influence de phénomènes karstiques. Ceci d'autant plus que la stratification avait un pendage vers le calcaire corallien et que l'ensemble des couches d'un rocher sain en lui-même pouvait glisser. Pour écarter ce risque un programme systématique d'injection fut entrepris en suivant un mode opératoire particulier s'accommodant aux phénomènes karstiques. Le coulis d'injection utilisé était un mélange d'environ 70% de ciment, 25% de sable et 5% de bentonite.L'apport essentiel pour la mécanique des roches est constitué par la différence qui a été faite concernant les phénomènes karstiques entre les calcaires homogènes et les calcaires coralliens. Pour effectuer une fondation sure d'ouvrages il est conseillé de faire des études géologiques suffisantes, d'avoir une coopération étroite entre le géologue et l'ingénieur pendant le projet et lors de la construction et enfin d'adopter les procédés de construction aux phénomènes karstiques.
Mit 4 Abbildungen 相似文献
137.
Stable and Unstable Eigensolutions of Laplace’s Tidal Equations for Zonal Wavenumber Zero 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rolf Müller 《大气科学进展》1993,10(1):21-40
Laplace's tidal equations are of great importance in various fields of geophysics. Here, the special case of zonal symmetry (zonal wavenumber m = 0) is investigated, where degenerate sets of eigensolutions appear. New results are presented for the inclusion of dissipative processes and the case of unstable conditions. In both instances the (nonzero) eigenfrequencies are complex. In the latter case, additional stable (i.e. real) eigenfrequencies appear in the numerical results for the absolute value of the Lambparameter ε being larger than a critical value εc. Further, it is shown that any degeneracies are removed through the inclusion of dissipation. Moreover, asymptotic relations are derived employing the relation of Laplace's tidal equations for m = 0 to the spheroidal differential equation. The implications of these findings to numerical techniques are demonstrated and results of computations are presented. 相似文献
138.
139.
A. Hallberg K. J. Noone J. A. Ogren I. B. Svenningsson A. Flossmann A. Wiedensohler H. -C. Hansson J. Heintzenberg T. L. Anderson B. G. Arends R. Maser 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):107-127
The partitioning of aerosol particles between cloud droplets and interstitial air by number and volume was determined both in terms of an integral value and as a function of size for clouds on Mt. Kleiner Feldberg (825 m asl), in the Taunus Mountains north-west of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Differences in the integral values and the size dependent partitioning between two periods during the campaign were observed. Higher number and volume concentrations of aerosol particles in the accumulation mode were observed during Period II compared to Period I. In Period I on average 87±11% (±one standard deviation) and 73±7% of the accumulation mode volume and number were incorporated into cloud droplets. For Period II the corresponding fractions were 42±6% and 12±2% in one cloud event and 64±4% and 18±2% in another cloud event. The size dependent partitioning as a function of time was studied in Period II and found to have little variation. The major processes influencing the partitioning were found to be nucleation scavenging and entrainment. 相似文献
140.
R. N. Colvile R. Sander T. W. Choularton K. N. Bower D. W. F. Inglis W. Wobrock D. Schell I. B. Svenningsson A. Wiedensohler H. -C. Hansson A. Hallberg J. A. Ogren K. J. Noone M. C. Facchini S. Fuzzi G. Orsi B. G. Arends W. Winiwarter T. Schneider A. Berner 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):189-229
The airflow, cloud microphysics and gas- and aqueous-phase chemistry on Kleiner Feldberg have been modelled for the case study of the evening of 1 November 1990, in order to calculate parameters that are not easily measured in the cloud and thus to aid the interpretation of the GCE experimental data-set. An airflow model has been used to produce the updraught over complex terrain for the cloud model, with some care required to ensure realistic modelling of the strong stable stratification of the atmosphere. An extensive set of measurements has been made self-consistent and used to calculate gas and aerosol input parameters for the model. A typical run of the cloud model has calculated a peak supersaturation of 0.55% which occurs about 20 s after entering cloud where the updraught is 0.6 m s–1. This figure has been used to calculate the efficiency with which aerosol particles were scavenged; it is higher than that calculated by other methods, and produces a cloud with slightly too many droplets. A broad cloud droplet size spectrum has been produced by varying the model inputs to simulate turbulent mixing and fluctuations in cloud parameters in space and time, and the ability of mixing processes near cloud-base to produce a lower peak supersaturation is discussed. The scavenging of soluble gases by cloud droplets has been observed and departures from Henry's Law in bulk cloud-water samples seen to be caused by variation of pH across the droplet spectrum and the inability of diffusion to adjust initial distributions of highly soluble substances across the spectrum in the time available. Aqueous-phase chemistry has been found to play a minor role in the cloud as modelled, but circumstances in which these processes would be more important are identified. 相似文献