Challenges in Norwegian coastal zone planning

The article identifies some of the challenges facing local structure planing of sea areas since the mid-1980s, and asks what has been achieved. This question concerns the quality of plans as tools for spatial ordering and development. On the basis of theories of communicative and strategic planning, a framework of assessment is evolved round two main concepts: the legitimacy and the flexibility of plans. These are supplemented with a conformance concept applicable to project planning. The article then examines specific planning problems and assesses processes and achievements in selected fish-farming communes on the coast of West and North Norway.     

Turbulent kinetic energy budgets from a large-eddy simulation of airflow above and within a forest canopy

The output of a large-eddy simulation was used to study the terms ofthe turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget for the air layers above andwithin a forest. The computation created a three-dimensional,time-dependent simulation of the airflow, in which the lowest third ofthe domain was occupied by drag elements and heat sources to representthe forest. Shear production was a principal source of TKE in theupper canopy, diminishing gradually above tree-top height and moresharply with depth in the canopy. The transfer of energy to subgridscales (dissipation) was the main sink in the upper part of the domainbut diminished rapidly with depth in the canopy. Removal ofresolved-scale TKE due to canopy drag was extremely important,occurring primarily in the upper half of the forest where the foliagedensity was large. Turbulent transport showed a loss at the canopytop and a gain within the canopy. These general features have beenfound elsewhere but uncertainty remains concerning the effects ofpressure transport. In the present work, pressure was calculateddirectly, allowing us to compute the pressure diffusion term. Wellabove the canopy, pressure transport was smaller than, and opposite insign to, the turbulent transport term. Near the canopy top andbelow, pressure transport acted in concert with turbulent transport toexport TKE from the region immediately above and within the uppercrown, and to provide turbulent energy for the lower parts of theforest. In combination, the transport terms accounted for over half ofthe TKE loss near the canopy top, and in the lowest two-thirds of thecanopy the transport terms were the dominant source terms in thebudget. Moreover, the pressure transport was the largest source ofturbulent kinetic energy in the lowest levels of the canopy, beingparticularly strong under convective conditions. These resultsindicate that pressure transport is important in the plant canopyturbulent kinetic energy budget, especially in the lowest portion ofthe stand, where it acts as the major driving force for turbulentmotions.     

Experimental Investigation of Surfactant-Enhanced Dissolution of Residual NAPL in Saturated Soil

Nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is a long-term source of ground water contamination as the pollutant slowly partitions into the air and water phases. The objective of this work was to study the efficacy of aqueous surfactant solution to enhance the dissolution of a residual NAPL below the capillary fringe, hence reducing the time needed for aquifer restoration. An analytical technique was developed to measure the concentration of NAPL in a nonionic surfactant. Soil column experiments simulated conditions in the saturated soil where a NAPL may become trapped as a discontinuous immobile phase. Experimental results indicate that dissolution was a rate-limited process, approaching equilibrium concentrations after 24 hours. The relative permeability of the aqueous phase initially decreased as surfactant was injected, but increased over time as the saturation of residual NAPL was reduced through mass transfer into the surfactant-enhanced aqueous phase. These findings suggest that enhancing the aqueous phase with a nonionic surfactant may significantly enhance the in situ recovery or residual NAPL.     

A Beginner's Guide to the Internet for Paleolimnologists

Both the technology of Internet communication and the size of the Internet itself has advanced exponentially in the last few years. As the technology becomes easier to use, the amount of available scientific data has grown with the Internet. Increasingly, funding agencies require accessible data as a final product for a grant or contract. An impressive amount of such information is available on the Internet now. The conclusion is straightforward, find out what connections are available to you and try them. Subscribing to one of the LISTSERV groups that follow is an easy way to start. If you are interested in further exploring the Internet, I recommend you start by finding a computer with a graphical connection to the WorldWideWeb. From there, the best, and the rest of the Internet is accessible.     

墨西哥湾海上泄压和压力封存箱化的四维地震监控

在油藏开发和油藏工程方面，三维地震勘探技术正在起着越来越重要的作用，每年都可发现三维地震在这些方面的应用，特别是时间延续的三维地震即四维地震技术使得用计算机来监测油田开发的日子已为期不远。也许这种监测技术不久将成为石油工业的标准。野外生产监测仪可以源源不断、近真时地把地层压力、温度和流体的变化送到控制中心。在控制中心，油藏模拟、弹性波和声波的正反演将告诉我们有关这些变化的答案，进而通过先进的计算机视像显示来控制油藏的开发。文中我们应用在哥伦比亚大学Ｌａｍｏｎｔ－ＤｏｈｅｒｔｙＥａｒｔｈＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｏ－ｒｙ发展的四维地震振幅分析技术分析了墨西哥湾ＥｕｇｅｎｅＩｓｌａｎｄ３３０／３３８块中的沙岩油气藏ＬＦ。初步结果显示，在类似北墨西哥湾的盆地中，连续三维地震反射振幅的变化可以直接显示第三系盆地中的碎屑岩油气藏的存在。井Ａ－８ＳＴ的成功钻探也证明了四维地震振幅的变化可以有效地帮助寻找油气藏。目前，我们正利用现有的测井资料结合地震正反演技术进一步分析振幅的变化。我们相信这种应用重复三维地震勘探的四雏地震技术将在油藏开发和生产中起着越来越大的作用。     

Les quartzites à silicates calciques et scheelite: Préconcentrations familières ou pièges pour un tungstène étranger lié à l'hydrothermalisme périgranitique? Exemple du Nord-Est Transmontain (Portugal)

Sans résumé     

Diversity and spatial zonation of volcanic rocks from the East Pacific Rise near 21° N

A substantial range of petrologic rock types has erupted on the accreting plate boundary near 21° N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). Young olivine basalts have Fo_89-86 phenocrysts, low bulk TiO₂ (1.1–1.3%), Ba (7–10 ppm), and high Ni contents (>100 ppm). Older plagioclase-olivine-pyroxene (POP) basalts have Fo_86-81 phenocrysts, high TiO₂ (1.4–1.7%), Ba (9–40 ppm), and low Ni (<100 ppm). The youngest olivine basalts erupt immediately around a segmented axial fissure system. Progressively older, more fractionated POP basalts have spread farther from the same fissure system, producing a stratigraphically-controlled zonal pattern of basalt type distribution around the eruptive fissures. A topographic and morphologic en echelon displacement of the ridge axis fissure of 1.7 km to the NW near 20°54N offsets this zonal distribution pattern. Low pressure crystal fractionation of olivine, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene (251) from an olivine basalt parent would yield POP basalts of the observed Zr, Ti, Y, P and major element chemistry. However very incompatible elements Ba and K are too variably enriched in POP basalts for this model to be viable. Small, variable degrees of mantle partial melting is not a viable model either because of the substantial depletion of Ni which correlates with incompatible element enrichment and because of the precise low pressure cotectic character of POP basalts. The in situ fractionation model of Langmuir (1987) can explain these features. The relative abundance of fractionated lavas, their small-scale areal chemical zonation, the petrochemical correlation between types, and geophysical evidence point to the existence of shallow fractionating magma reservoirs beneath the EPR at 21° N.     

Sulphur contents of conifer needles in Great Britain

There is currently a lack of convincing evidence linking air pollution and tree health in Great Britain. Field surveys have not revealed a clear association between the spatial distribution of crown thinning and air pollution; the crown condition of some species is apparently better in more polluted areas. This has been attributed to the confounding effects of climate, which is known to have a marked effect on crown condition. In this study, analysis of total sulphur contents of needles ofPicea sitchensis ((Bong.) Carr.),P. abies ((L.) Karst.) andPinus sylvestris (L.) reveals marked patterns that are correlated with modelled atmospheric concentrations of sulphur dioxide. Correlations with other indices of sulphur pollution, including wet and dry deposition and sulphate aerosol concentrations, are less consistent. However, no association has been found between the sulphur contents of needles and the crown densities of trees in Britain.     

On inertial currents over a sloping continental shelf

Using simple mathematical models, it is shown that an equatorward flowing coastally confined eastern boundary current (or poleward flowing western boundary current) may have two conjugate forms which transport the same flux of each water type. In a slowly varying environment, these two conjugate forms coalesce at some critical latitude which depends on the flow. For lower latitudes there is no defined form. As the coalescence latitude is approached from higher latitudes, one of the two conjugate forms narrows, while the other widens. Furthermore, in the neighborhood of the critical latitude the wider form is subcritical and the narrower form is supercritical to possible long small amplitude shelf waves. It is also shown that a poleward flowing coastally confined eastern boundary current (or an equatorward flowing western boundary current) may be traced poleward to some critical latitude beyond which the possibility of a current in juxtaposition with the coast terminates. For latitudes higher than this terminating latitude the current separates from the coast.