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801.
Four of the major plutons in the vicinity of the Candelaria mine (470 Mt at 0.95% Cu, 0.22 g/t Au, 3.1 g/t Ag) and a dike–sill system exposed in the Candelaria open pit have been dated with the U–Pb zircon method. The new geochronological data indicate that dacite magmatism around 123 Ma preceded the crystallization of hornblende diorite (Khd) at 118 ± 1 Ma, quartz–monzonite porphyry (Kqm) at 116.3 ± 0.4 Ma, monzodiorite (Kmd) at 115.5 ± 0.4 Ma, and tonalite (Kt) at 110.7 ± 0.4 Ma. The new ages of the plutons are consistent with field relationships regarding the relative timing of emplacement. Plutonism temporally overlaps with the iron oxide Cu–Au mineralization (Re–Os molybdenite ages at ∼115 Ma) and silicate alteration (ages mainly from 114 to 116 and 110 to 112 Ma) in the Candelaria–Punta del Cobre district. The dated dacite porphyry and hornblende diorite intrusions preceded the ore formation. A genetic link of the metallic mineralization with the quartz–monzonite porphyry and/or the monzodiorite is likely. Both of these metaluminous, shoshonitic (high-K) intrusions could have provided energy and contributed fluids, metals, and sulfur to the hydrothermal system that caused the iron oxide Cu–Au mineralization. The age of the tonalite at 110.7 Ma falls in the same range as the late alteration at 110 to 112 Ma. Tonalite emplacement may have sustained existing or driven newly developed hydrothermal cells that caused this late alteration or modified 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar systematic in some areas. 相似文献
802.
Abdullah Al-Khanbashi Shihab W. Abdalla 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(6):1603-1625
This study reports on waterborne polymer emulsion systems that were used for structural modification of sandy soils. The first
emulsion used was a styrene-acrylic, copolymer emulsion; the second and third were vinyl-acrylic, copolymer-based emulsions.
Specimens were prepared by adding different polymer emulsions to the sand and water in prescribed amounts. The performance
of the different emulsion systems as sand stabilizers was estimated through measurement of the hydraulic conductivity and
compressive strength. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity were conducted in a flexible membrane test apparatus. The hydraulic
conductivity for the three emulsions decreased at different rates, with an increase in polymer content up to 3 wt. (i.e.,
% by weight). Additional increase of polymer content did not introduce significant decrease in hydraulic conductivity, and,
at 5 wt.%, the three emulsions had essentially the same effect. Measurements made on dry cylindrical specimens disclosed remarkable
enhancement in the mechanical behavior of the system. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the examined emulsions
increased with a higher concentration of polymer. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the reduction in the permeability
and the improved mechanical properties can be attributed to three dominant structural changes: the development of interconnecting
ties between the sand particles, the development of adhesion between neighboring sand particles in contact, and the covering
of the sand particles with a thin polymer film. 相似文献
803.
地下圆形衬砌隧道对沿线地震动的影响(II):数值结果 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5
利用地下圆形衬砌隧道对入射平面P波和SV波散射级数解答,定量分析了入射波长、入射角度、隧道直径、衬砌刚度等因素对沿线地表位移放大作用的影响。计算结果表明,当入射频率较低时,地下隧道的存在对地表位移幅值影响不大;而当入射频率较高时,地表位移幅值可以达到无隧道情况的4.5倍以上;衬砌情况下地表位移幅值可以高出非衬砌情况的87.8%。建议在地铁的规划设计中考虑地下隧道的建设对隧道沿线设计地震动的影响。 相似文献
804.
In space-borne gravitational field determination, two challenges are inherent. First, the continuation of the data down to
the surface of the Earth is an ill-posed problem, requiring therefore regularization techniques. Second huge data sets result
requiring efficient numerical methods. In this paper, we show how locally supported wavelets on the sphere can be developed
by means of a spherical version of the so-called up function. By construction, the corresponding scaling functions and wavelets
are infinitely smooth, so that they can be used for regularization purposes. In particular, we show how the ill-posed pseudo-differential
equations coming from satellite missions can be regularized by efficient numerical schemes using locally supported wavelets.
These methods seem in particular to be interesting for regional gravity field modelling. 相似文献
805.
Combined Digital Photogrammetry and Time-of-Flight Laser Scanning for Monitoring Cliff Evolution 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Michael Lim David N. Petley Nicholas J. Rosser Robert J. Allison Antony J. Long David Pybus 《The Photogrammetric Record》2005,20(110):109-129
Although cliffs form approximately 75% of the world's coastline, the understanding of the processes through which they evolve remains limited because of a lack of quantitative data on the morphological changes they undergo. In this paper the combination of terrestrial time-of-flight laser scanning with high-resolution digital photogrammetry is examined to generate high-quality data-sets pertaining to the geomorphic processes governing cliff development. The study was undertaken on a section of hard rock cliffs in North Yorkshire, UK, which has been monitored over a 12-month period. High-density, laser-scanned point clouds have been used to produce an accurate representation of these complex surfaces, free from the optical variations that degrade photographic data. These data-sets have been combined with high-resolution photographic monitoring, resampled with the fixed accuracies of the terrestrial laser survey, to generate a new approach to recording the volumetric changes in complex coastal cliffs. This has led to significant improvements in the understanding of the activity patterns of coastal cliffs. 相似文献
806.
S. P. Vyas M. D. Steven K. W. Jaggard 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2005,33(2):315-321
The present work was aimed to compare the abilities of radar and optical satellite data to estimate crop canopy cover, which
is a key component of productivity estimates. Three ERS-1 SAR images were obtained of East Anglia (UK) in 1995 and one ERS-2
SAR image in 1996. The images covered a study area around the IACR Brooms Barn Sugar Beet Research Institute. Field data comprising
radiometric and biophysical measurements of the crop canopy were collected in two fields from June 22 to August 3, 1995 to
coincide with ERS-1 SAR overpass dates. In 1996, field data were collected in two fields from June 11 to July 29 on a weekly
basis. A previously calibrated version of the water cloud model was inverted to estimate Leaf Area Index (LAI) from ERS-1
and ERS-2 SAR backscatter and soil moisture samples. Canopy cover was estimated from the radar-estimated LAI using a standard
exponential relationship that has a well-established coefficient for sugar beet.
Radio-metrically and atmospherically corrected data from three SPOT images in 1995 and one SPOT image in 1996 were used to
calculate the Optimised Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), from which crop canopy cover was estimated using a relationship
determined previously by canopy modelling. The crop cover values estimated by satellite were in good agreement with those
measured on ground with the Parkinson radiometer. Radar data may be able to provide useful estimates of canopy cover for crop
production modelling, especially in the case of loss of optical data due to cloud. 相似文献
807.
Summary ?This study deals with the climatological aspect of seasonal rainfall distribution in the East Asian monsoon region, which
includes China, Korea and Japan. Rainfall patterns in these three countries have been investigated, but little attention has
been paid to the linkages between them. This paper has contributed to the understanding of the inter-linkage of various sub-regions.
Three datasets are used. One consists of several hundred gauges from China and South Korea. The second is based on the Climate
Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP). The two sources of precipitation information are found to
be consistent. The third dataset is the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis 850-hPa winds.
The CMAP precipitation shows that the seasonal transition over East Asia from the boreal winter to the boreal summer monsoon
component occurs abruptly in mid-May. From late March to early May, the spring rainy season usually appears over South China
and the East China Sea, but it is not so pronounced in Japan. The summer monsoon rainy season over East Asia commonly begins
from mid-May to late May along longitudes of eastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan. A strong quasi-20-day sub-seasonal
oscillation in the precipitation appears to be dominant during this rainy season. The end date of the summer monsoon rainy
season in eastern China and Japan occurs in late July, while the end date in the Korean Peninsula is around early August.
The autumn rainy season in the Korean Peninsula has a major range from mid-August to mid-September. In southern China, the
autumn rainy season prevails from late August to mid-October but a short autumn rainy season from late August to early September
is noted in the lower part of the Yangtze River. In Japan, the autumn rainy season is relatively longer from mid-September
to late October.
The sub-seasonal rainfall oscillation in Korea, eastern China and Japan are explained by, and comparable to, the 850-hPa circulation.
The strong westerly frontal zone can control the location of the Meiyu, the Changma, and the Baiu in East Asia. The reason that the seasonal sea surface temperature change in the northwestern Pacific plays a critical role
in the northward advance of the onset of the summer monsoon rainfall over East Asia is also discussed.
Received October 5, 2001; revised April 23, 2002; accepted May 11, 2002 相似文献
808.
W. R. Skinner M. D. Flannigan B. J. Stocks D. L. Martell B. M. Wotton J. B. Todd J. A. Mason K. A. Logan E. M. Bosch 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2002,71(3-4):157-169
Summary
In Canada, the average annual area of burned forest has increased from around 1 million ha in the 1970’s to over 2.5 million
ha in the 1990’s. A previous study has identified the link between anomalous mid-tropospheric circulation at 500 hPa over
northern North America and wildland fire severity activity in various large regions of Canada over the entire May to August
fire season. In this study, a northern North American study region of the hemispheric gridded 5° latitude by 10° longitude
500 hPa dataset is identified and analysed from 1959 to 1996 for a sequence of six monthly periods through the fire season,
beginning in April and ending in September. Synoptic types, or modes of upper air behavior, are determined objectively by
the eigenvector method employing K-means cluster analysis. Monthly burned areas from the Canadian Large Fire Database (LFDB)
for the same period, 1959 to 1996, are analysed in conjunction with the classified monthly 500 hPa synoptic types. Relationships
between common monthly patterns of anomalous upper flow and spatial patterns of large fire occurrence are examined at the
ecozone level. Average occurrence of a monthly synoptic type associated with very large area burned is approximately 18% of
the years from 1959 to 1996. The largest areas burned during the main fire (May to August) season occur in the western Boreal
and Taiga ecozones – the Taiga Plains, Taiga Shield, Boreal West Shield and Boreal Plains. Monthly burned areas are also analysed
temporally in conjunction with a calculated monthly zonal index (Zim) for two separate areas defined to cover western and eastern Canada. In both western and eastern Canada, high area burned
is associated with synoptic types with mid-tropospheric ridging in the proximity of the affected region and low Zim with weak westerlies and strong meridional flow over western Canada.
Received April 3, 2001 Revised July 13, 2001 相似文献
809.
Summary The existence of low-frequency variability in climatic-hydrological-oceanic variables may be useful for long-term forecasting
and climate modelling. By using long time series this paper attempts to identify large-scale quasi-cycles in the precipitation
regimes of Northern Argentina, moisture advection from the Atlantic Ocean and the streamflow of the Paraná River. This work
also shows the presence of coherent waves with long periodicity between the three series. As the three variables are estimated
over different time intervals, the presence of waves in each variable is studied separately, to show they respond to the same
process. The three variables show significant interdecadal variability at low frequency (22–26 years), which might be related
to the ENSO cycle modulation and to the intensification or weakening of the South American Low Level Jet (SALLJ) and South
Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). 相似文献
810.