Hawking radiation and entropy in de Sitter spacetime

Using the analytic extension method, we study Hawking radiation of an (n+4)-dimensional Schwarzschild-de Sitter black hole. Under the condition that the total energy is conserved, taking the reaction of the radiation of particles to the spacetime into consideration and considering the relation between the black hole event horizon and cosmological horizon, we obtain the radiation spectrum of de Sitter spacetime. This radiation spectrum is no longer a strictly pure thermal spectrum. It is related to the change of the Bekenstein-Hawking (B-H) entropy corresponding the black hole event horizon and cosmological horizon. The result satisfies the unitary principle. At the same time, we also testify that the entropy of de Sitter spacetime is the sum of the entropy of black hole event horizon and the one of cosmological horizon.     

钙质砂中模型桩的试验研究

根据钙质砂中桩基工程的现状,针对取自南沙群岛永暑礁的钙质砂,设计一个室内模型试验装置来研究钙质砂中钢管桩的承载和变形性能以及影响因素,并进行了石英砂中的对比试验。试验结果表明,钢管桩在钙质砂和石英砂中的表现有着显著差异。钙质砂中钢管桩承载能力很低,仅为石英砂的66%～70%,钙质砂中桩身轴力衰减速率缓慢,桩侧摩阻力远远小于石英砂的,仅为石英砂的20%～27%,并具有深度效应,开口钢管桩和闭口钢管桩的桩侧摩阻力相差不大。同时表明,钙质砂中桩侧摩阻力对相对密度的变化没有石英砂敏感,受相对密度影响很小。由颗粒破碎引起的桩周水平有效应力的大幅降低是造成钙质砂中钢管桩桩侧摩阻力低的主要原因。     

A new ice sheet model validated by remote sensing of the Greenland ice sheet

Accurate prediction of future sea level rise requires models that accurately reproduce and explain the recent observed dramatic ice sheet behaviours. This study presents a new multi-phase, multiple-rheology, scalable and extensible geofluid model of the Greenland ice sheet that shows the credential of successfully reproducing the mass loss rate derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and the microwave remote sensed surface melt area over the past decade. Model simulated early 21st century surface ice flow compares satisfactorily with InSAR measurements. Accurate simulation of the three metrics simultaneously cannot be explained by fortunate model tuning and give us confidence in using this modelling system for projection of the future fate of Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Based on this fully adaptable three dimensional, thermo-mechanically coupled prognostic ice model, we examined the flow sensitivity to granular basal sliding, and further identified that this leads to a positive feedback contributing to enhanced mass loss in a future warming climate. The rheological properties of ice depend sensitively on its temperature, thus we further verified modelâ?s temperature solver against in situ observations. Driven by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis atmospheric parameters, the ice model simulated GrIS mass loss rate compares favourably with that derived from the GRACE measurements, or about ?147 km³/yr over the 2002–2008 period. Increase of the summer maximum melt area extent (SME) is indicative of expansion of the ablation zone. The modeled SME from year 1979 to 2006 compares well with the cross-polarized gradient ratio method (XPGR) observed melt area in terms of annual variabilities. A high correlation of 0.88 is found between the two time series. In the 30-year model simulation series, the surface melt exhibited large inter-annual and decadal variability, years 2002, 2005 and 2007 being three significant recent melt episodes.     

影响副高活动的热力强迫作用——动力学解析模型

采用最优化搜索方法,对影响副高活动的东亚季风区位势场和季风雨带降水场进行了函数拟合,并用拟合出的函数作为基函数和热力强迫因子代入正压涡度方程,对涡度方程解的性质进行了讨论。分析和模拟结果表明:中心位于我国华北一带东亚季风雨带凝结潜热释放易导致副高的西伸和北抬;而中心位于赤道附近的南海季风槽降水热力作用可导致副高出现东退和西伸两种可能。     

Development and carbon sequestration of tropical peat domes in south-east Asia: links to post-glacial sea-level changes and Holocene climate variability

Tropical peatlands of SE-Asia represent a significant terrestrial carbon reservoir of an estimated 65 Gt C. In this paper we present a comprehensive data synthesis of radiocarbon dated peat profiles and 31 basal dates of ombrogenous peat domes from the lowlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo and integrate our peatland data with records of past sea-level and climate change in the region. Based on their developmental features three peat dome regions were distinguished: inland Central Kalimantan (Borneo), Kutai basin (Borneo) and coastal areas across the entire region. With the onset of the Holocene the first peat domes developed in Central Kalimantan as a response to rapid post-glacial sea-level rise over the Sunda Shelf and intensification of the Asian monsoon. Peat accumulation rates in Central Kalimantan strongly declined after 8500 cal BP in close relation to the lowering rate of the sea-level rise and possibly influenced by the regional impact of the 8.2 ka event. Peat growth in Central Kalimantan apparently ceased during the Late Holocene in association with amplified El Niño activity as exemplified by several truncated peat profiles. Peat domes from the Kutai basin are all younger than ～8300 cal BP. Peat formation and rates of peat accumulation were driven by accretion rates of the Mahakam River and seemingly independent of climate. Most coastal peat domes, the largest expanse of SE-Asian peatlands, initiated between 7000 and 4000 cal BP as a consequence of a Holocene maximum in regional rainfall and the stabilisation and subsequent regression of the sea-level. These boundary conditions induced the highest rates of peat accumulation of coastal peat domes. The Late Holocene sea-level regression led to extensive new land availability that allowed for continued coastal peat dome formation until the present. The time weighted mean Holocene peat accumulation rate is 0.54 mm yr^?1 for Central Kalimantan, 1.89 mm yr^?1 for Kutai and 1.77 mm yr^?1 for coastal domes of Sumatra and Borneo. The mean Holocene carbon sequestration rates amount to 31.3 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for Central Kalimantan and 77.0 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for coastal sites, which makes coastal peat domes of south-east Asia the spatially most efficient terrestrial ecosystem in terms of long term carbon sequestration.     

ON CHANGES OF CHINA'S MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES IN 1951——1990

Based on China's observational data in 1951-1990,after minimizing the possible biasescaused by station relocation and urban heat island,the spatial and temporal distributions of trendsfor maximum and minimum temperatures are studied.The results show that increasing trends ofmaximum temperatures are in the areas west to 95°E,and north to the Huanghe(Yellow)River,while decreasing trends exist in eastern China south to the Yellow River.Minimum temperaturesare generally increasing throughout China,with dominant warming trends at the higher latitudes.This resulted in very obvious decreasing trends in diurnal temperature ranges.The periodic cycles are consistent between the maximum and minimum temperatures,butasymmetric trends are very obvious.The significant increase of minimum(nighttime)temperaturesreflects the evidence of enhancement of greenhouse effect.Further analysis shows that the changesof maximum and minimum temperatures are mainly related to sunshine duration and atmosphericwater vapor content.     

湖北省郧县恐龙化石分布地区古地磁学初步研究

湖北郧县梅铺－带晚白垩世地层以盛产恐龙化石闻名于国内外，在大量地质工作研究的基础上进行了古地磁学研究，给出了该区的古应力方向，为该区建立国家地质公园和地质科学考察研究中心、地学科普教育基地提供了基础参考数据。     

对阿尔金断裂科学问题的再认识

据近年内阿尔金断裂研究的进展阐述了应深入解决的4个科学问题及其研究思路:1)阿尔金大型走滑断裂何时发生?变形年代学研究证明阿尔金断裂初始走滑的年龄在89～97 Ma,即从晚中生代-早新生代才开始出现;2)运动学研究包括隆升与走滑两个方面,需要进行大比例尺度的构造研究和变形组构研究,尤其是断裂两盘错距的确定,必须找准被断裂错移的同一构造-岩相带的界线;3)阿尔金断裂的划分意义,它的延伸和规模及对中国西部以及中亚大陆构造格架的影响;4)阿尔金断裂对两侧盆地沉积-构造演化的控制和影响.解决上述4个科学问题,对于重新认识中国西部大陆构造格架、中国西部成矿带的展布及对中国西部找油的战略评估都具有非常重要的意义.