煤显微组分中有机硫的微区分析和分布特征

应用扫描电镜、能谱仪和波谱仪测定了煤中有机硫含量。a.在镜质体有机硫含量低于0.50％的煤中,惰质体的有机硫含量与其相近。而在镜质体有机硫含量高于0.5％的煤中,惰质体的有机硫含量大多为镜质体的40％～50％。各种镜质体和惰质体的有机硫含量随其凝胶化程度增高而增加。b.聚煤古地理环境对煤中有机硫含量起决定性作用。以镜质体为例,形成于湖滨三角洲平原环境的神木煤含有机硫0.21％,形成于滨海三角洲平原环境的水城大河边煤含有机硫0.84％,形成于泻湖海湾环境的兖州晚石炭世煤含有机硫2.24％。     

1991年1月13日内蒙古阿拉善左旗5.2级地震前兆异常分析

分析讨论了1991年1月13日发生在内蒙古阿拉善左旗5.2级地震前的地震活动时空分布与某些前兆异常特征,以及地震活动性和前兆观测的中期与临震异常的相互关系,并对该地区三次中强地震前地震活动性的差异进行了总结。     

Study on terrestiral noise in data of geomagnetic total field in North China

The terrestrial noise in the differencial data of geomagnetic total field recorded at 21h in North China was fitted by using the geomagnetic vector data from Beijing Observatory. The terrestrial noise level and its spatial feature in this region was discussed. A method, which may be useful for justifying the quality of fitting, was provided in this paper. The analysis indicates that the terrestrial noise is one of the important noise in tectonomagnetic study. It is shown that the susceptibility effect is quite small and the orientation effect is the main component in the terrestrial noise in North China. The rough spatial feature of the magnetic anomaly in crustal substance was infered from the spatial feature of terrestrial noise. The measurement precision and the source noise level of data at 21h in this region were obtained in the analysis of residual noise. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 441–447, 1993.     

Complexing capacity of the nutrient medium and its relation to inhibition of algal photosynthesis by copper

The toxic effect of copper on phytoplankton production is investigated in waters having different complexing capacities. It is demonstrated that a water’s complexing capacity does not guarantee that an equivalent amount of copper could be tolerated without adversely affecting algal production. Possible explanations for these findings are offered and discussed. It is deduced that ionic copper probably is already toxic to planktonic algae at concentrations of about 10^?10 mole/l.     

Interannual variability of the convective activities associated with the east asian summer monsoon obtained from tbb variability

１．ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｏｕｔｈＡｓｉａａｎｄＥａｓｔＡｓｉａａｒｅａｈｕｇｅｍｏｎｓｏｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍ,ｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｍｏｎｓｏｏｎｉｓｉｔｓｓｕｂｍｏｎｓｏｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍ．ＢｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｓｕ...     

古昆虫植食的自然历史

昆虫植食是昆虫与植物相互作用关系中最重要的组成部分。探索地史时期陆地生态系统中昆虫植食行为的起源与演化是探究古环境重建及古气候变化的重要切入点，其结果将更好地揭示现生昆虫取食行为背后的生物学及生态学意义。本文梳理了昆虫植食的研究历史；阐述了植物化石上的生物损伤与非生物损伤的主要区别；介绍了昆虫植食研究的化石证据以及功能性取食组 损伤类型研究体系(Functional feeding group damage type, FFG DT)。昆虫植食多样性在地质历史时期的演化过程分为8个阶段：① 志留纪—泥盆纪(444~359 Ma)为昆虫植食的起源时期；② 石炭纪(359~299 Ma)为昆虫植食的扩张时期；③ 二叠纪(299~252 Ma)为昆虫植食的稳定时期；④ 三叠纪(252~201 Ma)晚期，昆虫植食再次多样化；⑤ 侏罗纪(201~145 Ma)昆虫植食程度进一步加强；⑥ 白垩纪(145~66 Ma)裸子植物逐渐为被子植物所替代，昆虫植食大幅度增加；白垩纪末期，昆虫植食水平下降；⑦ 古近纪(66~23 Ma)昆虫植食水平提高；⑧ 新近纪(23~26 Ma)昆虫植食与现代基本相似。影响昆虫植食的主要因素包括气候环境、昆虫和植被多样性、昆虫口器类型、植物群落组成和微生物等。目前，统一昆虫植食研究体系和方法、填补各历史阶段的缺失信息等问题在昆虫植食研究中亟待解决。     

Petrogenesis of contrasting granitoid plutons in western Bohemia (Czech Republic)

Summary Late-Variscan granitoid plutons in western Bohemia (Bor, Waidhaus-Rozvadov) have distinct petrographic, geochemical and isotopic features that suggest different magmatic evolutions. The Bor pluton comprises a suite of metaluminous tonalites and quartz diorites (Bor I), weakly peraluminous (monzo-)granites and granodiorites (Bor II) and medium-aluminous, late vein-forming leucomonzogranites (Bor III). The Waidhaus-Rozvadov pluton is strongly peraluminous, comprising a cordierite-biotite granitoid (CBG), the Rozvadov granite (ROG), the Bärnau granite (BÄG) and the subordinate, highly evolved Kreuzstein (Kíový kámen) granite (KG). Geochemical parameters and initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios straddle the boundary between I- and S-type granites in the Bor pluton and are characteristic of purely S-type granites in the Waidhaus-Rozvadov pluton.The Bor II granitoids have been dated by the Rb-Sr whole-rock method at 341±17 Ma (I_Sr = 0.70724±0.00060). K-Ar biotite and muscovite ages of all units of the Bor pluton are mainly in the range 321-315 Ma. The K-Ar mineral ages are in good agreement with recently published U-Pb zircon data of these rocks. The different units of the Waidhaus-Rozvadov pluton have yielded less well-constrained Rb-Sr whole-rock ages, ranging from 313 to 300 Ma. However, the intrusion sequence is constrained by K-Ar muscovite ages (312-302 Ma), which define a systematic decrease towards the chemically more evolved granite types. Taken as a whole, it seems likely that the new radiometric ages characterize two temporally distinct periods of late-Variscan granitoid intrusion. The regional significance of these periods is emphasized by contemporaneous ages previously found in the adjacent northeastern Bavarian granitoids.The initial Sr and Nd isotope systematics indicate that the Bor and the WaidhausRozvadov plutons were derived from different source rocks. The Bor granitoids reflect the influence of less evolved crustal material which may have been similar to paragneisses of the Teplá-Barrandian region, including the Zone of ErbendorfVohenstrauß (ZEV). The Waidhaus-Rozvadov granitoids probably resulted from anatexis of rocks resembling surrounding Moldanubian paragneisses or metapelites. In addition, the two plutons exhibit poorly defined, opposite trends of Nd_(T) variation which are ascribed to assimilation processes.

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Petrogenese kontrastierender Granitplutone in Westböhmen (Tschechien)

Zusammenfassung Spätvariscische Granitplutone in Westböhmen (Bor, Waidhaus-Rozvadov) weisen petrographische, geochemische und isotopische Kontraste auf, die unterschiedliche magmatische Entwicklungen nahelegen. Der Bor Pluton umfaßt metalumine Tonalite und Quarzdiorite (Bor I), schwach peralumine (Monzo-)granite und Granodiorite (Bor II) und mäßig alumine, gangbildende Leukomonzogranite (Bor III). Der WaidhausRozvadov Pluton besitzt stark peralumine Zusammensetzung und läßt sich in einen Cordierit-Biotit Granitoid (CBG), den Rozvadov Granit (ROG), den Bärnau Granit (BÄG) und den stofflich hochentwickelten Kreuzstein (Kíový kámen) Granit (KG) untergliedern. Geochemische Parameter und initiale⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-Verhältnisse liegen im Falle des Bor Plutons im Übergangsbereich zwischen I- und S-Typ Graniten und im Falle des Waidhaus-Rozvadov Plutons im Bereich reiner S-Typ Granite.Die Bor II Granitoide wurden nach der Rb-Sr Gesamtgesteinsmethode auf 341±17 Ma (I_Sr = 0.70724±0.00060) datiert. K-Ar Biotit- und Muskovitalter der Bor Granitoide liegen zwischen 321 and 315 Ma. Die K-Ar Mineralalter stehen im Einklang mit den kürzlich publizierten U-Pb Zirkondaten dieser Gesteine. Die verschiedenen Teilintrusionen des Waidhaus-Rozvadov Plutons liefern weniger gut definierte Rb-Sr Gesamtgesteinsalter zwischen 313 and 300 Ma. Die Intrusionsabfolge läßt sich dennoch durch K-Ar Muskovitalter festlegen (312-302 Ma), die eine systematische Abnahme von den weniger zu den starker entwickelten Granittypen aufweisen. Als Ganzes betrachtet dokumentieren die neuen radiometrischen Daten zwei zeitlich voneinander getrennte spdtvariscische Intrusionsereignisse. Die regionale Signifikanz dieser Ereignisse wird durch eine analoge Altersverteilung in den benachbarten nordostbayerischen Granitoiden untermauert.Anhand der initialen Sr und Nd Isotopensystematik können für die Bor und Waidhaus-Rozvadov Plutone unterschiedliche Quellen abgeleitet werden. Die Bor Granitoide spiegeln den Einfluß von gering entwickelten krustalen Material wider, das ähnliche stoffliche Eigenschaften besaß, wie Paragneise des Teplá-Barrandiums und der Zone von Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss (ZEV). Die Waidhaus-Rozvadov Granitoide lassen sich als Derivate moldanubischer Paragneise and Metapelite oder vergleichbarer Gesteine auffassen. Die zwei Plutone weisen schwach ausgeprägte gegensätzliche Nd_(T)-Variationen auf, was auf unterschiedliche Assimilationsprozesse zurückgeführt wird.

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With 10 Figures     

地震灾害风险评估及减灾策略研究——以贵州罗甸县为例

为探究贵州省地震灾害风险薄弱环节，减轻地震灾害风险，以贵州省罗甸县为示范，采用地震危险性概率分析方法对各乡镇进行危险性分析，开展地震灾害承灾体现场抽样调查，通过层次分析法和问卷调查的方式，首次构建乡镇级别的地震灾害风险和减灾能力指标体系，评估各乡镇地震灾害综合指数和程度，计算各乡镇地震灾害风险指数，确定红水河镇为高风险区、罗悃镇为中风险区、木引等7个乡镇为低风险区，并从建筑物设防、地震地质灾害及水库地震等角度剖析罗甸县地震灾害特点，从农村危房改造、移民搬迁、地质灾害防护及交通等方面提出减小地震灾害风险的建议。     

The magnetic properties of solar surges

High resolution on- and off-band Hα filtergrams of disk solar surges obtained with the Vacuum Tower Telescope of the Sacramento Peak Observatory have been compared to magnetic data.

1. Surges constitute clusters of very fine dark (sometimes bright) filaments where each thread connects to an Ellerman bomb brightening. If the magnetic map reveals the existence of a satellite polarity as defined by Rust (1968), the bomb(s) lies over it.
2. Although a large fraction of surges is not associated with clearly detectable satellite polarities, events are strongly favored in regions of evolving magnetic features, characterized by dimensions of about 10 000 km and significant flux change over a period of less than a day. A flux change rate of 3 × 10¹⁵ Mx s^?1 has been measured along at least three homologous bomb-surge events in a satellite of region MW 18594. Surges appear to be related to rising flux of one polarity into a region of stronger opposite flux.
3. The trajectories of surges are matched by magnetic lines of force computed in the current-free approximation.

     

Aluminum in the macrotidal Yalujiang estuary: Partitioning of Al along the estuarine gradients and flux

Water samples were collected from the Yalujiang estuary in both flood periods (August 1992 and August 1994) and dry season (May 1996) and were analyzed for aluminum (Al). Al behaves non-conservatively in the Yalujiang estuary, and a significant loss (70–80%) in dissolved concentration is observed in the upper estuary, in spite of seasonal variation in water discharge and sediment load. About 0.4×10⁶, tons of Al is annually transported from Yalujiang to the estuary, of which the particulate pool clearly dominates. The particulate Al flux through the Yalujiang contributes 35% of the total Al input from Chinese rivers to the Yellow Sea. The data sets from size fractionation and C-18 SPE separation demonstrate that a large fraction of dissolved Al is in colloidal (≈50%) and organically complex (≈60%) forms in the Yalujiang. The observed scavenging from solution to particulate pools in the estuary is most likely through the flocculation of colloidal and organic-complexed Al, which results in a considerable change in dissolved-particulate partitioning, shown by laboratory mixing experiments. Exchange between dissolved and particulate phases is examined by analysis of K_d, the distribution coefficient. The empirical relationship of K_d with chlorinity and suspended matter concentrations was investigated with field observations and model simulations. The model indicated that K_d values of Al are inversely related to the amount of total suspended matter, but K_d-chlorinity plots show different features between dry and flood seasons.