Earth Summit Mission 2022: Scientific Expedition and Research on Mt. Qomolangma Helps Reveal the Synergy between Westerly Winds and Monsoon and the Resulting Climatic and Environmental Effects

“Earth summit mission 2022” is one of the landmark scientific research activities of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP). This scientific expedition firstly used advanced technology and methods to detect vertical meteorological elements and produce forecasts for mountain climbing. The “Earth summit mission 2022”Qomolangma scientific expedition exceeded an altitude of over 8000 meters for the first time and carried out a comprehensive scientific investigation missi...     

Spatial and temporal variability of turbulent mixing in the near-field of the Changjiang River

Based on field hydrological,micro structural,and shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler data,we quantified the spatial and temporal variability of turbulent mixing in the near-field Changjiang(Yangtze) River plume.The surface dissipation rate(s) changed by three orders of magnitude from near-field(10~(-4) W/kg) to far-field(10~(-7) W/kg) plumes,indicating a decrease with distance from the river mouth.Below the river plume,ε changed with depth to 10~(-8) W/kg,and increased to 10~(-6) W/kg at the layer where the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC) intruded.Thus,ε in the near-field plume showed three layers:surface layer in the river plume,middle layer,and lower TWC layer.In the river plume,the strongest ε and turbulent diffusivity(Kz)were greater than 10~(-4) W/kg and 10~(-2) m~2/s,respectively,during strong ebb tides.A three-orders-of-magnitude change in ε and Kz was observed in the tidal cycle.The depth of the halocline changed with,tidal cycles,and stratification(N~2) varied by one order of magnitude.Stratification in the TWC layer followed the distribution of the halocline,which is opposite to the dissipation structure.Tidal currents led to intrusion and turbulent mixing in the TWC layer.During ebb tides,ε and Kz were as strong as those measured in the river plume,but did not last as long.The structure of the velocity shear was similar to the dissipation rate in both the river plume and TWC layer,whereas the velocity shear in the TWC layer did not match the stratification structure.In the high dissipation rate area,the gradient Richardson number was smaller than the critical value(Ri_g1/4).The Rig structure was consistent with shear and dissipation distributions,indicating that turbulent mixing in the near-field plume was controlled by a combination of shear induced by the discharged river flow and tidal current.     

北京断陷的新生代沉积与构造演化

北京断陷形成于新生代,受北东向及北西向断裂活动的影响。本文根据地貌、钻孔、物探、探槽等方面资料的分析,研究了北京断陷新生代沉积地层和构造演化的关系。沉积中心的迁移与断裂的活动互相对应,有着良好的构造指示作用。石油储集层的储集体积、孔隙率和渗透率,决定其对石油的储集性能。本文用理论研究和测量,证明了构造应力场是影响石油储集层孔隙率和渗透率的主要因素。     

陨石中宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al的化学分离纯化

陨石离开其小行星母体直至降到地球表面期间,受到宇宙射线的照射,产生一系列包括10Be和26Al等的放射性核素.10Be和26Al的含量及其比值记录了宇宙射线辐照历史,而陨石降落到地球表面后,它们的衰变又提供了测定其降落时间,即居地年龄的方法.10Be和拍26Al由加速器质谱测定,样品需分离纯化.为此,开展了陨石样品Be和Al的分离纯化实验.通过模拟样品的条件实验,建立了Be和Al分离纯化的化学流程,其回收率分别达到89%和70%.在此基础上,分离并测定了一个降落型普通球粒陨石(吉林陨石)非磁性部分的10Be和26Al的含量.结果显示,吉林陨石26Al/10Be的比值为5.005,远大于两者的饱和比值(2.72),说明吉林陨石经历了短期的暴露辐射,这一结果与吉林陨石第二阶段的暴露年龄0.4 Ma一致.整个化学流程的10Be/9Be和26Al/27Al空白分别为(4.33±0.46)×10-14和(6.59 ±4.66)×10-15,其中前者接近于该仪器的空白测量值,而后者则接近于仪器的检测限2.3×10-15.     

渤海湾盆地新生代各坳陷沉降的时空差异性

渤海湾盆地的成因机制主要与坳陷的构造位置、边界条件及深部因素有关。各坳陷沉降的时空差异性是这种复杂性的一种表现形式。本文通过渤海湾盆地主要坳陷的沉降史和各坳陷沉降差异对比,发现时空差异具体表现在下列3方面。1)在几个主要的裂陷幕构造沉降(或总沉降)均具有越往东部沉降量越大的趋势,如孔店组和沙河街组四段裂陷主要分布在济阳坳陷、昌潍坳陷和大型断裂部位,这与新生代盆地演化的开始阶段有关,并叠加有大型断裂(如郯庐断裂)的左行走滑作用。2)构造沉降量分析表明在经历沙河街组三段沉积期的主裂陷幕后,除了沙河街组一段沉积期沉积中心往西(黄骅坳陷)迁移外,沙河街组一段至东营组沉积期总体表现为随时间向东北部递进渐变式迁移,新近纪又回迁至渤中地区。3)与该区沉降规律相异的是冀中坳陷和临清坳陷(昌潍坳陷因特殊的构造位置除外),表现为在整体沉降过程中局部挤压或抬升反转的沙河街组二段沉积期,这两者的沉降量及沉降速率反而变大,不但比同时期其它坳陷大,亦比坳陷本身的其它裂陷期大。控制各坳陷发育差异间的主要原因,一是有北东东向的新生构造发育,二是有北西西向的变换断层影响。     

Northern marine transportation corridors: Creation and analysis of northern marine traffic routes in Canadian waters

The concept of the Northern Marine Transportation Corridors (NMTC) initiative was developed under the Government of Canada World‐Class Tanker Safety System Initiative (WCTSS). The NMTC is an interdepartmental Arctic initiative within the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), through the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and the Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS), in collaboration with Transport Canada (TC). The NMTC initiative was developed to strengthen the safety of marine navigation in the Arctic, and to offer an efficient planning guide for present and future Arctic investments. Transportation corridors identified through this initiative will provide the Government of Canada the framework needed to better prioritize and deliver on its programs and services, including: nautical charts and products; aids to navigation; icebreaking services; and marine safety regulations. The corridors were generated and analyzed with a Geographic Information System (GIS) using two main data sources: the Automated Identification System (AIS) and CHS's nautical charts and publications. The geographic extent of the NMTC is defined as the Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Service Zone (NORDREG Zone) and the Mackenzie River. With close to 4 million km² of water in the Arctic and 162,000 km of coastline, surveying the Arctic to modern standards represents an enormous challenge to CHS. By adopting a corridor‐based approach, CHS and other government programs can prioritize their efforts on 12% of the Canadian Arctic waters. CHS currently has 32% of the NMTC adequately surveyed, with an additional 3% surveyed to modern standards.     

CFL-03型风廓线雷达故障分析诊断技巧

现在风廓线雷达已被广泛应用在局地天气预报、空中管制、大气污染预防等方面,对国民经济的发展具有重要的意义。随着雷达使用年限的增加,雷达设备故障率也在增加。由于CFL-03型风廓线雷达已经实现了全固态、模块化设计,许多气象局都订购了相关的备件,因此只要对设备进行故障诊断,判断出故障的位置,进行备件更换,设备就可以恢复正常工作。按照CFL-03型风廓线雷达的组成,对故障部位进行分析,结果表明,常见故障发生的地方一是监控组合的监控板,二是故障发生点为接收机的标频组件、基准组件等,三是故障发生点为发射机的功合部分、波控的波束转换板,四是故障点为天线的一分六公分器。在故障判断过程中,最简单的方法就是利用分机组合上的故障指示灯和软件界面上的故障信息指示表来判断。此外,利用三用表、示波器、频谱仪和矢量网络分析仪等可以进一步判断故障。     

基于MOD16的汉江流域地表蒸散发时空特征

基于MOD16遥感产品,在数据精度验证的基础上,运用GIS统计法、线性趋势法等研究了2000~2014年汉江流域蒸散发的年际和年内变化规律及不同土地覆被类型下的蒸散发特征。结果表明：① 2000~2014年,潜在蒸散发(PET)多年平均值为1 476 mm,呈东南向西北递减态势;实际蒸散发(ET)多年平均值约654 mm,ET呈东低西高,南高北低态势。不同土地覆被类型下年均PET和ET大小顺序相反。② PET年际变化率为13.63 mm/a,呈弱增加趋势;ET年际变化率为-2.3 mm/a,呈弱减少趋势,表明汉江流域水资源呈减少趋势。PET空间上呈东增西减趋势,ET呈东减西增趋势,东北部具有干旱化倾向。③ 年内PET和ET呈单峰型。PET在6月最大,ET在7月最大,二者均在12月最小。二者在4~6月差距最大,形成春旱。不同土地覆被类型下PET和ET呈单峰型,植被生长季节ET差距大,林地增长速度最快。④ PET和ET具有较强的季节性。ET季节性空间差异非常显著,在于林地的植被蒸腾作用对全年ET贡献较大。流域西部山地ET季际增加趋势明显而东部呈减少趋势,整体上冬季年际变化最明显,春季最弱。     

1950~2011年渤海地区海表风场的季节特征与多尺度变化分析

基于1950~2011年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对渤海10 m风场的风速与风向变化进行多尺度分析。利用小波分析、交叉谱分析等方法对渤海海域的海表风速、风向的变化趋势以及周期进行研究。分析发现：渤海地区海表风的风向与风速除了存在显著的季节性变化特征外,在年际、年代际的变化尺度上也有明显的周期性。风向存在1 a、8.7 a、15.8 a的显著周期,风速存在1 a、6.3 a、15 a的显著周期。风向与风速在时间尺度分别为20 a、5.71 a、2.67 a时存在显著共振周期;共振周期受东亚季风、西太平副热带高压的年际、年代际变化的影响呈现出多尺度变化周期。     

赤道中东太平洋海温相似预报研究

通过寻找过程相似的有效指标 ,建立了一个适合于时间序列分析的相似预报模式。将该模式应用于 ENSO的重要指标—— NINO3区海温指数预报 ,结果表明 :海温相似预报较持续性预报在预报效果 (如误差和相关系数 )上有明显的提高 ,特别是在 6～ 8个月时效上更为突出 ;模式的有效预报时效为 8个月 ,基本上达到国际上同期的模式水平。在有效预报时效 8个月内 ,冬半年的预报相关性普遍高于夏半年 ,其中 ,1 2月份的预报相关性最高 ,而 6,7月份的预报相关性最低。对于所有时效 ,2～ 4月份的预报误差最小 ,而 1 2月份的预报误差最大。相似预报对于转折事件具有较好的预报能力 ,尤其是对于 El Nino结束和强 El Nino开始