Multi-spacecraft Observations of CIR-Associated Ion Increases During the Ulysses 2007 Ecliptic Crossing

The period between 21 June and 8 October, 2007 (Carrington rotations 2058 to 2061), comprising the Ulysses ecliptic plane crossing, was characterized by low solar activity. Excluding the small solar energetic particle events observed during July, the ion increases observed in the inner heliosphere between 100?keV/n and 10?MeV/n were associated with Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs). In this work, we investigate CIR-related ion increases using multipoint observations from Ulysses, ACE, and the twin STEREO spacecraft. The ballistic backmapping technique has been used to correlate in situ observations of these spacecraft and remote-sensing observations of coronal holes. Although the radial, longitudinal and latitudinal separation of the spacecraft (except Ulysses) are relatively small, we find discrepancies when a detailed comparison of narrow structures like stream interfaces and CIR-associated shocks is performed. Therefore we concentrate on the two CIR events from day 5 to day 10 of August 2007 and from day 25 to day 31 of August 2007, which lend themselves to a more undisturbed comparison. Using the multi-spacecraft measurements we could determine a radial gradient of 230±30% AU^?1, which is consistent with previous results by van Hollebeke et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4723, 1978) of ～?350% AU^?1 using Helios and Pioneer data.

     

Results of investigation on precipitation and cloud electricity based on 15 years of observation

Summary An attempt is made to develop a systematic, phenomenological classification of non-thunderstorm clouds based on the electrical characteristics of such clouds, and to derive a similar classification of precipitation from the electrical properties of hydrometeors. The system, as proposed, will cover low stratus, cumulus humilis, convective cumulus and cumulus congestus, and also the cloud configuration associated with stable upslide situations characterized by a continuous transition, in time and space, from altocumulus to altostratus and nimbostratus, with the bases of the latter steadily losing altitude. The significance of the physical state of hydrometeors and of the intensity of turbulence in clouds as a key to atmospheric-electrical phenomena, and the interpretation and phenomenological classification thereof, is stressed.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird eine systematische Phänomenologie der luftelektrischen Erscheinungen innerhalb und in der Umgebung von Wolken und Niederschlägen, soweit sie nicht mit Gewittern verbunden sind, entwickelt. Sie erstreckt sich auf niedrige Schichtwolken, Cumulus humilis, Cumuli im Wachstumsstadium sowie Cu congestus und schließt typische stabile Aufgleitprozesse mit Übergang von Altocumulus über Altostratus in Nimbostratus bei absinkender Basis ein. Die schlüsselhafte Bedeutung des Aggregatzustandes der Niederschläge und des Turbulenzgrades innerhalb der Wolken für das Verständnis der atmosphärisch-elektrischen Prozesse und ihrer Systematisierung im Rahmen einer Phänomenologie wird dargestellt.

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Résumé On développe ici un système des phénomènes électriques atmosphériques au voisinage et à l'intérieur des nuages et des précipitations, pour autant que ces deux catégories d'hydrométéores ne soient pas liées à des orages. Cette classification s'étend aux nuages stratiformes bas, aux cumulus humilis, aux cumulus en plein développement ainsi qu'aux cumulus congestus, Elle englobe en outre des processus de glissement ascendant stables et typiques tels que le passage de l'altocumulus au nimbus en passant par l'altostratus et cela par abaissement de la base du nuage. On souligne la signification de l'état des précipitations et du degré de turbulence à l'intérieur du nuage pour la compréhension des processus électriques atmosphériques et leur systématisation.

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With 8 Figures

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Paper presented at the XIVth General Assembly of the IUGG, meeting of the Joint Committee on Atmospheric Electricity IAMAP/IAGA, Lucerne, October 1967. Sponsored in part by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Zur Vorticityproduktion bei zyklogenetischen Prozessen

Zusammenfassung Starke Zyklogenesen in mittleren Breiten sind mit einer Produktion von zyklonaler Vorticity verbunden. Diese läßt sich mit Hilfe der Scale-Analyse aus horizontaler und vertikaler Windscherung und freiwerdender Kondensationswärme abschätzen. Es wird für den synoptischen Routinedienst eine geeignete Analysenmethode angegeben, die es erlaubt, obige Produktion hinreichend genau zu bestimmen. Anhand aktueller Wetterlagen kann nachgewiesen werden, daß im Winter für eine Zyklogenese der ausschlaggebende Einfluß von der vertikalen Windscherung ausgeht, bei sommerlichen Zyklogenesen hingegen, bei Vorhandensein feuchtwarmer Luftmassen, auch die freiwerdende Kondensationswärme einen großen, oft sogar dominierenden Beitrag liefert.

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On production of cyclonal vorticity in cyclogenetic processes

Summary Intensive cyclonic developments in middle latitudes are combined with a production of cyclonal vorticity. With the aid of scale analysis it is possible to estimate this production, if the horizontal and vertical wind shear and the released heat of condensation are known. A simple method of analysis is derived, suitable for the synoptic routine service. This method of analysis is demonstrated on typical cases for cyclonic developments in winter and summer. It is shown that the vertical wind shear has the greatest influence on cyclogenesis in winter, while in summer, due to the higher temperatures, the released heat of condensation often plays the dominating role.

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Mit 10 Abbildungen     

Über die Auswirkung der ablenkenden Kraft der Erdumdrehung auf die Wasserstände im Großen Belt

Zusammenfassung Zur Darstellung der Auswirkung der Erdumdrehung auf die Wasserstände werden die Pegelbeobachtungen von Körsör und Slipshavn geeigneter Zeiten aus den Jahren 1937 und 1938 einer analytischen Ausgleichung unterworfen, und in gleicher Weise wird mit den Strömungsbeobachtungen des in der Nähe liegenden Feuerschiffs Halskov-Rev verfahren. Die beobachtete Beziehung stimmt bis auf einen Faktor von der Größenordnung 0,5 mit den theoretisch berechneten Werten Überein; die zahlenmäßige Abweichung wird auf die morphologischen Gegebenheiten zurÜckgefÜhrt. Der direkte Windeinfluß auf den Wasserstand, der außerdem auftritt, wird an einigen Beispielen besprochen, und es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß die Auswirkungen der ablenkenden Kraft der Erdumdrehung auf die Wasserstände im Großen Belt infolge der. unmittelbaren Windwirkung im allgemeinen geringer sind als die nach der Theorie berechneten.

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On the effect of the deflecting force of the earth's rotation on the water level in the Great Belt

Summary With a view to show the effect of the earth's rotation on the water level the method of least squares is applied to the observations obtained from the gauges at Korsör and Slipshavn at suitable dates in 1937 and 1938 as well as to the current observations of the neighbouring light vessel Halskov Rev. Except for a factor whose order of magnitude is 0,5, the observed relation is in agreement with the values found by theory; the numerical difference is attributed to morphological conditions. The wind's direct influence on the water level is illustrated by some examples and it is pointed out that it is the wind's influence that attenuates the effect of the Coriolis force on the water level in the Great Belt so that, in general, their actual values are below those calculated by theory.

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L'effet de la force de Coriolis sur le niveau de la mer dans le Grand Belt

Résumé Dans le but de montrer l'effet que la rotation terrestre fait sur le niveau de la mer on a appliqué la méthode des moindres carrées aux observations enregistrées par les marégraphes à Korsör et à Slipshavn à des dates convenables en 1937 et en 1938 et aux observations de courant faites par le bateau-feu «Halskov-Rev» au voisinage des marégraphes. A l'exception d'un facteur dont l'ordre de grandeur est 0,5, la relation observée correspond avec les valeurs obtenues par le calcul théorique. On suppose que la différence numérique soit due à des conditions morphologiques. A l'aide de quelques exemples, on expose l'influence directe du vent sur le niveau de la mer. On constate que l'influence du vent diminue l'effet que la force déviatrice de la rotation terrestre fait sur le niveau de la mer dans le Grand Belt. Pour cette raison, l'effet actuel de la force de Coriolis dans ce détroit est, en général, moins haut que celui trouvé par théorie.

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Anmerkung der Schriftleitung: Die Abhandlung war fÜr die Veröffentlichung im Januar-Heft 1945 der Ann. Hydrogr. u. marit. Meteorol. vorgesehen, das infolge der Kriegsereignisse nicht mehr erschien. — In die Unveröffentlichten Wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten des Deutschen Hydrographischen Institutes (Serie 2, Nr. 11) wurde 1946 die Abhandlung von G. Dietrich, Die Beziehung zwischen Quergefälle und Oberflächenstrom, ein Beitrag zur synoptischen Ozeanographie, aufgenommen, die u. a. den gleichen Gegenstand, wenn auch andersartig, behandelt.     

Neuere Untersuchungen zum Problem der Wetterabhängigkeit des Menschen

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Nach einleitenden Angaben über die biologische Tragweite von Wettereinflüssen wird auf die Vorteile einer Annahme von “Indikatoren” zur...     

Effects of point-source nutrient addition and mussel removal on epibiotic assemblages in Perumytilus purpuratus beds

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of point-source nutrient addition and mussel removal on species diversity of the epibenthic assemblage of the purple mussel Perumytilus purpuratus. It was hypothesised that mussels cushion the effects of disturbance on the associated organisms and thereby favour species diversity in patches with added nutrients. In order to test this hypothesis, a two-factorial field experiment was conducted at an exposed rocky shore of northern-central Chile in which nutrient addition and mussel removal were manipulated with two levels. Experimental units consisted of 100-cm² mussel plots that were sampled after two months of experimental manipulations. Local nutrient addition was done with coated slow-release fertilisers. Mussel removal treatments consisted in three destructive events applied throughout the experimental phase, and each event consisted in the removal of 20% of the mussel biomass from each plot. While point-source nutrient addition had only minor effects on diversity, mussel removal had significant and negative effects on faunal species richness and the abundance of suspension-feeders and sessile organisms. The abundance of predators/scavengers significantly decreased with mussel removal in the presence of nutrient addition. Grazers and mobile organisms were very abundant in the mussel assemblage but their abundance remained unaffected by treatments. Finally, species richness and total abundance of algae were also not affected by the treatments. Although the duration of our experiment was relatively short, we suggest that the effects of local nutrient addition are of minor importance at the study site in comparison to the effects of mussel removal. Based on our results and previous studies conducted in soft-bottom systems, we suggest that physical and biological stress acting on exposed hard-bottom communities overshadows the potential effects of local nutrient addition.     

Floating marine debris in coastal waters of the SE-Pacific (Chile)

Herein we report on the abundance and composition of floating marine debris (FMD) in coastal waters of the SE-Pacific (off the Chilean coast) during the austral summer 2002. The observed FMD consisted mainly of plastic material (86.9%). Densities of FMD were highest between 20 degrees S and 40 degrees S, corresponding to the main concentrations of human population and activities. Low densities of FMD were found in the south between 40 degrees S and 50 degrees S (<1 item km(-2)). Generally, the highest densities were recorded in nearshore waters of major port cities (>20 items km(-2)), but occasionally high concentrations of debris were also found 50 km offshore. Densities of FMD in coastal waters of the SE-Pacific are of similar magnitudes as those found in coastal waters or inland seas of highly populated regions in the northern hemisphere, indicating the need for improved regulation and legislation in the countries of the SE-Pacific.     

Shock compression of deuterium to 900 Kbar

An experimental program to compress liquid deuterium with a two-stage gun is described. A xenon standard was used to check the adequacy of the EOS of the Dural container in the 7000 (1.7 Mbar) to 3000° K (0.0 Mbar) range. The agreement is reasonable. Further work on this standard is in progress to improve the accuracy. The target design parameters were checked with some sound speed measurements which confirm the liquid-like behavior of Dural at the temperatures, pressures, and strain rates of these experiments. The uncertainties of the results are analyzed and tabulated with the data. Comparison between the molecular and the metallic equations of state indicates a small volume change on metallization due to the high compressibility of the molecular phase vis-a-vis the metallic phase.