Tectonic and sedimentary basin evolution of the eastern Bangong–Nujiang zone (Tibet): a Reading cycle

The ophiolite-bearing Bangong-Nujiang zone (BNZ) traversing central Tibet from east to west separates the Qiangtang block in the north from the Lhasa block in the south. Their stratigraphic development indicates that both blocks once formed a continuous continental platform until the Late Triassic. Following Late Paleozoic-Triassic rifting, ocean crust formed between both blocks during the Late Triassic creating the Dongqiao-Naqu basin (DNB) among other basins (Yu et al. 1991). The analysis of the rift flank sequences reveals that rifting was dominated by transtension. The basin was shortened by post-Mid-Cretaceous transpression. Thus, the overall basin evolution represents a Reading cycle despite some active margin processes which gave this cycle a special imprint. Major basin parts were preserved despite transpressional shortening suggesting that the eastern BNZ represents a remnant basin. Our understanding of the DNB solves the prior problem of viewing the BNZ as a Mid-Late Jurassic collisional suture although typical collision-related deformation, thickening, mountain building, as well as related molasse formation are lacking. Our model also explains the scattered linear ophiolite distribution by local transpression of remnant oceanic basin floor without having to consider problematic long range ophiolite thrusting.     

Chemical Mechanism Development: Laboratory Studies and Model Applications

Within the German Tropospheric Research Programme (TFS) numerous kinetic and mechanistic studies on the tropospheric reaction/degradation of the following reactants were carried out: oxygenated VOC, aromatic VOC, biogenic VOC, short-lived intermediates, such as alkoxy and alkylperoxy radicals.At the conception of the projects these selected groups were classes of VOC or intermediates for which the atmospheric oxidation mechanisms were either poorly characterised or totally unknown. The motivation for these studies was the attainment of significant improvements in our understanding of the atmospheric chemical oxidation processes of these compounds, particularly with respect to their involvement in photooxidant formation in the troposphere. In the present paper the types of experimental investigations performed and the results obtained within the various projects are briefly summarised. The major achievements are highlighted and discussed in terms of their contribution to improving our understanding of the chemical processes controlling photosmog formation in the troposphere.     

ADS40航空数码摄影相机的校准

高性能的航摄相机需要高分辨率几何校准、光谱校准和辐射线测量校准。LH系统公司和德国宇航中心(DLR)拥有符合这些严格规范的仪器。本文论述了LH系统公司新的ADS40数码摄影相机的基本操作原理,并给出了第一次交叉测量的结果。     

Doppler radar observation, CG lightning activity and aerial survey of a multiple downburst in southern Germany on 23 March 2001

Two downburst events from one thunderstorm are investigated, which occurred on 23 March 2001, in Germany's climatologic annual minimum of downburst activity. Observations by two Doppler radars are combined with hail reports, ground lightning detection and an aerial survey conducted after the event. The downburst-producing storm had formed at a synoptic convergence line within the warm sector of a cyclone. It had a remarkably high propagation speed of up to 31 m s^− 1 corresponding to the mid-tropospheric flow. Thus, by superposition with the storm motion, even two weak downbursts were sufficient to cause the observed damage of F1 and F2 intensity, respectively. While in its late stages, the storm was dynamically characterized by lower- and mid-tropospheric divergence; at about the time of the first downburst, a mesocyclonic vortex signature was verified. Aside from mid-tropospheric dry air entrainment, a thermodynamic explanation for the triggering of the two downbursts by melting of small hail according to recent findings by Atlas et al. [Atlas, D., Ulbrich, C.W., Williams, C.R., 2004. Physical origin of a wet microburst: observations and theory. J. Atmos. Sci. 61, 1186–1196] appears probable. Despite the lack of warnings to the public, the storm's potential for hail and strong straight-line winds was detected by the German weather service radar software CONRAD more than a half hour before the downbursts occurred.     

Relative influence of vegetation on urban energy budgets and surface temperatures

Two deterministic models were combined: one for canopy leaf energy budgets and one for street canyon energy budgets. The effects of street parks and roof gardens in contrast to non-vegetated city blocks were examined by the use of four typical urban morphologies, which were exposed latitudinally to summer and winter simulations. A variety of increases and decreases in shortwave radiation, net radiation, sensible heat flux, and system reradiation resulted. These changes appear to represent the generalized limits of the possible responses to the addition of vegetation to non-vegetated city blocks.     

Response of rocks to impact loading by bars with pointed ends

SummaryResponse of Rocks to Impact Loading by Bars with Pointed Ends An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the response of three rocks — shale, limestone and diorite — to dynamic loading modelling hammer drilling. A long transmission rod subjected to pendulum impact at its distal end transmitted stress waves to six different heads whose tips consisted of 60°, 90°, and 120° cones or wedges in initial contact with the rock surface. Force and linear penetration histories monitored near the interface were found to be in good agreement with predicted values based on strain measurements at the center and distal end of the transmission bar and use of a one-dimensional theory of elastic wave propagation. The dynamic indentation measurements were also found to be in good agreement witha posteriori determination of the crater depth.Effects of multiple wave reflections and repeated impact on the contact force and rock deformation were determined as a function of the input energy. It was found that an optimum value of this energy exists for most efficient penetration for each of the heads utilized. Dynamic force-penetration curves were compared with corresponding static values obtained from an Instron testing machine. The force history resulting from the impact of a commercial pick-ax suspended in a pendulum arrangement was measured for both the conical and wedge-shaped tips of the device.

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ZusammenfassungDas Verhalten von Gesteinen unter stoartiger Belastung mittels gespitzter Stäbe Es wurde eine experimentelle Untersuchung des Verhaltens dreier Gesteine, nämlich grüner Tonschiefer, Kalkstein und Diorit, unter stoßartiger Belastung, die als Modell der Wirkung eines Bohrhammers dienen soll, durchgeführt. Ein langer Stab war vorne mit einer Spitze in Keil- oder Kegelform mit einem Öffnungswinkel von 60°, 90° oder 120° versehen, welche bei Versuchsbeginn gerade die Probe berührte. Am anderen Ende wurde der Stab von einem fallenden Pendel getroffen. Der zeitliche Verlauf der Kraft und der Eindringung, die in der Nähe der Spitze des Stabes gemessen wurde, stimmte gut mit jenen Werten überein, die auf Grund von Dehnungsmessungen in der Mitte und am Stoßpunkt mittels einer eindimensionalen Theorie der Wellenfortpflanzung errechnet wurden. Die dynamischen Tiefenmessungen des Kraters ergaben auch eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Werten, die nach dem Experiment bestimmt wurden.Die Wirkung von mehreren Wellenreflexionen und wiederholtem Stoß auf die Kontaktkraft und die Gesteinsdeformation wurde als Funktion der Anfangsenergie bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, daß es für jede verwendete Spitzenform einen optimalen Energiebetrag gibt, bei dem die günstigste Eindringung erfolgt. Dynamische Kraft-Eindringungskurven werden verglichen mit den entsprechenden statischen Werten, die mittels einer Instron-Testapparatur gemessen wurden. Überdies wurde der Kraftverlauf an Keil- und Kegelende einer Spitzhacke, die als Pendel auf eine Steinprobe aufschlug, gemessen.

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RésuméReponses de certaines roches aux chocs exercés par des barres à extremités pointues Des expériences ont èté entreprises pour étudier la reponse de trois roches — schiste vert, calcaire, diorite — aux percussions exercées par un modèle de marteau perforateur. Un pendule ballistique heurte l'extremité libre d'une longue barre, à travers laquelle des ondes de contrainte se propagent et atteignent à l'autre extrémité une tête constitutée suivant les cas par une cône ou un dièdre d'angle 60°, 90° ou 120°, en contact avec la roche à l'instant initial. Les résultats obtenus en ce qui concerne l'évolution de la rorce et l'évolution de la pénétration lineaire sont en bon accord avec les valeurs prédites par le théorie unidimensionelle de la propagation des ondes élastiques, à partir des constrainte mesurées au centre et à l'extremité libre de la barre. Les mesures de la pénétration pendant l'experiénce sont également en bon accord avec la détermination à postériori de la profondeur des cratères.L'effet des réflexions multiples des ondes et l'effet de la répétition des impacts sur la force de contact et sur la déformation de la roche sont déterminés en fonction de l'énergie d'impact. Pour chacune des têtes utilisées on a trouvé qu'il existe une énergie optimale, c'est à dire une energie permettant d'obtenir la meilleure pénétration. Les courbes représentant la pénétration dynamique en fonction de la force sont comparées aux courbes correspondant en cas statique, obtenus par une machine d'Instron. L'évolution de la force résultant de l'impact d'une pioche ordinaire a èté mesurée pour des têtes constituées soit par des cônes soit par des dièdres.

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With 27 Figures     

Die fazielle und paläogeographische Entwicklung der infrakambrischen bis ordovizischen Sedimente im Mittleren Antiatlas um Agdz (S-Marokko)

Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung des Adoudounien (Infrakambrium) und Géorgien (Unterkambrium) ist im Mittleren Antiatlas durch einen Wechsel von marinen und kontinentalen Sedimenten gekennzeichnet. Wildbachablagerungen an der Basis und an den Beckenrändern werden von marin-marginalen stromatolithischen Karbonaten abgelöst. Ignimbrite belegen wiederholte terrestrische Sedimentation.Mit fluviatilen Sanden und wiederum Stromatolithen und lagunären Karbonaten (mit ersten Trilobiten!) setzt ein zweiter transgressiver Großzyklus ein, der an der Wende Infra-/Unter-Kambrium einen ersten Höhepunkt erreicht. Durch regressive Kleinzyklen charakterisierte Abfolgen leiten zu Sandsteinen über, die als Ablagerungen eines Deltas gedeutet werden.Vom Mittelkambrium bis Ordovizium dominiert marine Schelfsedimentation.

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The formations of Adoudounien (Infra Cambrian) and Géorgien (Lower Cambrian) of the middle Anti-Atlas are characterized by an alternation of marine and continental sediments. Torrent conglomerates at the base and the margins of the basin took turns to marine-marginal stromatolitic carbonates. Ignimbrites prove repeated terrestrial sedimentation.A second transgressiv megasequence begins with fluviatil sands and goes on with stromatolites and lagoon carbonates (first Trilobites). This transgression reachs his first culmination at the Infra-/Lower-Cambrian boundary. Typical regressiv cycles form a transition to sandstones, which are interpreted as sediments of a delta.Marine shelf environment dominates from Middle Cambrian to Ordovician beds.

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Résumé Dans le moyen Anti-Atlas, l'évolution de l'Adoudounien et du Géorgien est caractérisée par un changement des sédiments marins et continentaux. Les dépôts des torrents à la base et dans la bordure du bassin font place à des carbonates marins marginaux stromatolithiques. Les ignimbrites marquent le retour fréquent à la sédimentation terrestre.Une deuxième mégaséquence transgressive débute avec des sables fluviatiles, des stromatolithes et des carbonates lagunaires (premiers trilobites). La transgression atteint une première phase culminante à la transition de l'Adoudounien au Géorgien. Des séquences caractérisées par de petits cycles régressifs conduisent à des grès qui pourraient être interpré tés comme des sédiments deltaïques.A partir du Cambrien moyen jusqu'à l'Ordovicien prédomine un milieu de plate-forme externe.

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Adoudounien — — Géorgien — — . — — . , - , , . , , . .