Beitrag zur Petrographie der Tanner Grauwaeken

Zusammenfassung Mit dem Ziel einer möglichst genauen qualitativen und quantitativen Bescshreibwig wurden drei verschiedenkörnige Proben der Tanner Grauwacken aus den Scharzfelder Brüchen untersucht und die Ergebnisse untereinander und mit anderen Grauwacken verglichen.Die Proben wurden quantitativ-chemisch analysiert. Die Mineral- und Gesteinskomponenten wurden bestimmt und beschrieben. Mittels einer den Besonderheiten des Gesteins angepaßten Modifizierung desRosiwalschen Verfahrens wurde der quantitative Bestand der Komponenten in Dünnschliffen bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse wurden in den chemischen Bestand umgerechnet und mit den Analysenergebnissen verglichen. Ferner konnten Angaben über die Gesteinsgruppen des Liefergebietes gemacht werden. Die für die Beurteilung der Entstehung wichtigen Gefügeeigenschaften wurden festgestellt: die Korngrößenverteilung des Gesamtgesteins und der Hauptkomponenten; die Korngestalt mit den Angaben über Rundung und Achsenverhältnis, die Einregelung der länglichen Körner und schließlich Druckwirkungen. Die bestehenden Vorstellungen über die mutmaßliche Entstehungsweise wurden auf Grund der Untersuchungsergebnisse diskutiert und das aus den Einzeluntersuchungen sich ergebende Gesamtbild der Tanner Grauwacken mit den in neuerer Zeit gegebenen Definitionen von Grauwacken verglichen.     

Seasonal climate inferences from high-resolution modern diatom data along a climate gradient: a case study

This study represents a step towards developing seasonal climate inferences by using high-resolution modern data sets. The importance of seasonal climate changes is highlighted by the instrumental record of a meteorological station close to our study site (lac du Sommet in the Laurentian Mountains, Québec, Canada): Between 1966 and 2001, May temperatures increased significantly by 3.1°C (r = 0.41, n = 35, p < 0.01) but annual mean temperatures only by 0.6°C (r = 0.21, n = 35, p > 0.05). Comparison of this instrumental record with fossil diatom assemblages in a sediment core from lac du Sommet showed that axis one of a principal component analysis (PCA) of the fossil diatoms was best correlated with wind velocity in June (r = 0.62, n = 19, p < 0.005) and that past diatom production was significantly enhanced in periods with colder July temperatures (r =  ?0.77, n = 19, p < 0.0005) and higher wind velocity in June (r = 77, n = 19, p < 0.0005). The strong impact of the spring and summer conditions on overall diatom composition and productivity suggests that seasonal lake responses to climate are more important than annual mean temperatures. However, the seasonal dynamics of diatom communities are not well understood, and seasonality is rarely inferred effectively from lake sediment studies. Our research presents a pilot study to answer a twofold question: Is it possible to identify diatom communities which are typical for warmer or colder seasonal climate using sediment traps, and if it is, can this knowledge be used to infer seasonal climate conditions from fossil diatom assemblages? To address these questions, the seasonal dynamics of diatom communities and water chemistry were studied using sediment traps and water samples at biweekly intervals in four lakes distributed along an altitudinal gradient in the Laurentian Mountains from May through October 2002. Date of ice break-up was significantly related to the diatom assemblages taken in spring and uncorrelated to other significant environmental variables. Summer water temperature, circulation of the water column and pH explained a significant part of the biological variance in summer, and total nitrogen (TN) explained most of the biological variance in autumn. To infer these variables, weighted averaging partial least squares models were applied to the seasonal data sets. Inferred ice break-up dates were significantly correlated with number of days below 0°C in April (r = 0.52, n = 19, p < 0.025), inferred circulation of the water column was significantly related to measured wind velocity in June (r = 0.64, n = 19, p < 0.005), inferred summer water temperature and inferred pH was significantly related to measured July air temperature (r = 0.50, r =  ?53, n = 19, p < 0.025) and inferred TN autumn concentrations had an inverse relationship to August temperatures (r =  ?0.53, n = 19, p < 0.01). This comparison of the historical record with diatom-inferred seasonal climate signals, based on the comparison of fossil diatom assemblages with modern sediment trap data of high temporal resolution, provides a promising new approach for the reconstruction of seasonal climate aspects in paleolimnological studies.     

Investigating the transport dynamics and the properties of bedload material with a hydro‐acoustic measuring system

This article deals with the following two questions. Are acoustic measurements in running waters appropriate for a highly resolved investigation of the bedload transport? Which characterizations of the bedload regarding mass and shape are possible via the acoustic signals? The signals were recorded by means of data recorders (Tascam Inc. DAP1 Portable Data Recorder) and hydrophones (International Transducer Corp. ITC‐4001 A). The ITC‐4001 is a shallow water omnidirectional transducer containing a flexural disc transducer utilizing Channelite‐5400 ceramics mounted in a rugged corrosion‐resistant housing. These hydrophones were screwed onto the bottom side of stainless steel plates, serving as a contact surface for the bedload in motion above them. After more than 100 series of tests in the laboratory, which indicated the basic relations between the dimension, shape and weight of the bedload and the resulting signal, field tests of the measuring system were conducted. By artificially produced flood waves in the small brooks Riverisbach, Olewiger Bach and by a winter flood wave in the River Moselle, it is possible to elaborate similar structures of the signal course of the bedload movement. The highest transport rates can be observed at the beginning of the increasing limbs and behind the peaks of the waves. At the beginning of the waves, the increasing transport power of the water and the loose material can be considered as the cause for this result. The high stream velocity behind the wave peaks explains the increase in the bedload transport so that material from the channel beds is unfastened and will be mobilized. The characterization of the bedload regarding the shape and mass is still limited regarding the field measurements and could be solved only for homogeneous grain sizes and single stones under laboratory conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Sukari Gold Mine,Eastern Desert—Egypt: structural setting,mineralogy and fluid inclusion study

The Sukari gold mine (18.8 Mt @ 2.14 g/t Au) is located 15 km west of the Red Sea coast in the southern central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The vein-type deposit is hosted in Late Neoproterozoic granite that intruded island-arc and ophiolite rock assemblages. The vein-forming process is related to overall late Pan-African shear and extension tectonics. At Sukari, bulk NE–SW strike-slip deformation was accommodated by a local flower structure and extensional faults with veins that formed initially at conditions of about 300 °C and 1.5–2 kbar. Gold is associated with sulfides in quartz veins and in alteration zones. Pyrite and arsenopyrite dominate the sulfide ore beside minor sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena. Gold occurs in three distinct positions: (1) anhedral grains (GI) at the contact between As-rich zones within the arsenian pyrite; (2) randomly distributed anhedral grains (GII) and along cracks in arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite, and (3) large gold grains (GIII) interstitial to fine-grained pyrite and arsenopyrite. Fluid inclusion studies yield minimum vein-formation temperatures and pressures between 96 and 188 °C, 210 and 1,890 bar, respectively, which is in the range of epi- to mesothermal hydrothermal ore deposits. The structural evolution of the area suggests a long-term, cyclic process of repeated veining and leaching followed by sealing, initiated by the intrusion of granodiorite. This cyclic process explains the mineralogical features and is responsible for the predicted gold reserves of the Sukari deposits. A characteristic feature of the Sukari gold mineralization is the co-precipitation of gold and arsenic in pyrite and arsenopyrite.Editorial handling: H. Frimmel     

Sedimentary Micro-facies and Macro Heterogeneity of Reservoir Beds in the Third Member of the Qingshankou Formation, Qian’an Area, Songliao Basin

An analysis of drill cores and well logs shows that the main micro-facies of the third member sand bodies of the Qingshankou Formation in Qian’an are subaqueous distributary channel facies, sheet sand facies and subaqueous fan facies (olistostrome). Maps showing the distribution of these micro-facies together with inter-channel bay and prodelta mocro-facies are presented for different time-slices (lower, middle and upper parts of the Qingshankou Formation). These maps reveal the instability and change of sediment transport in the Baokang sedimentary system during the depositional period. Sediment transport was from the west in the early stage, from the south in the middle stage and from the northwest in the late stage. Values of thickness, porosity and permeability of the sand bodies in the third member of the Qingshankou Formation show that they have low to medium porosity and low permeability, and are characterized by serious reservoir heterogeneity. The joints between micro-facies and subaqueous fan micro-facies are characterized by the highest heterogeneity, the sheet sand and distal sand bar subfacies come next, and the heterogeneity of the subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies is relatively weak.     

Oxygen-18 enrichment in the water of a clathrate hydrate

The equilibrium constants for the fractionation of H₂¹⁸O and H₂¹⁶O between liquid and solid phases were determined by slow freezing of ice and by slow formation of the clathrate hydrate of tetrahydrofuran from liquid solution. Both systems gave α = 1.0026₈. It is likely that oxygen-18 enrichment of the water in clathrate hydrates generally is essentially the same as for ice and that the relatively high oxygen-18 content observed in pore waters from some deep-sea sediments arises from the recent presence of methane hydrate.     

Precambrian basement complexes in the North-Central Scandinavian Caledonides and their pre-Caledonian tectonic evolution

Precambrian basement lithology, as exposed in four tectonic windows of the northcentral Scandinavian Caledonides, comprises uniform sequences of metasedimentary mica schists and gneisses (Børgefjell) as well as mica schists dominated by acid metavolcanics (Bångonåive) with minor basic rocks. The major part, however, is made up of intrusive rocks. Older granites are distributed in the Børgefjell area and to the east of it, obviously related to the Svecofennian Revsund granites. Younger granodiorites/quartzsyenites, subordinate in the Børgefjellet, dominate the Bångonåive window. The Bångonåive area may be tentatively correlated with the Skellefte field, the Børgefjellet with the marine basin of Central Norrland. The younger intrusives may represent marginal parts of a post-Svecofennian orogen farther west. Caledonian deformation considerably affected the Precambrian basement in the tectonic windows, where pre-Caledonian features are only preserved in the innermost parts. A (pre-Caledonian) polyphase structural and metamorphic evolution is evident in both the Børgefjell and Bångonåive windows. Penetrative deformation and medium (?) grade metamorphism prior to acid intrusions were overprinted during succeeding lower grade phases.