山西襄汾敬村沟更新统剖面磁性地层学研究及其与丁村组的对比

对山西襄汾敬村更新统剖面黄土—古土壤的系统古地磁学研究表明,磁化率曲线与洛川黄土—古土壤磁化率标准曲线有较好的对应关系。这种对应关系由极性测量结果进一步证实。根据这一对应关系可推断,敬村剖面底部微红土及其下的砂砾层年代应老于1000ka。这一研究结果也可与距其1km外具有类似接触关系、年代有争议的丁村遗址进行磁性地层学对比。     

Ecological consequences of land use change: Forest structure and regeneration across the forest-grassland ecotone in mountain pastures in Nepal

The ecotone, the spatial transition zone between two vegetation communities, is claimed to have more species than the adjoining communities. However, empirical studies do not always confirm higher richness at the ecotone. The ecotone position and structure are dynamic over time and space and it is driven by the changes in climate, land use or their interaction. In this context, we assessed the forest- grassland ecotone of temperate mountains in central Nepal by i） comparing species composition and richness across the ecotone, ii） analyzing if the forestgrassland ecotone is shifting towards the grassland center by colonizing them with trees, and iii） discussing the consequence of changed disturbance regime in the dynamics of this ecotone and the surrounding grasslands. We analyzed vegetation data sampled from belt transects laid across the forest- grassland ecotone in semi-natural grassland patches. Vegetation data consisting of species richness and composition, and size structure and regeneration of the two most dominant tree species, namely Rhododendron arboreum and Abies spectabilis, from the transects, were used to analyze the trend of the forest-grassland ecotone. Forest and grasslands were different in terms of floristic composition and diversity. Vascular plant speciesrichness linearly increased while moving from forest interior to grassland center. Spatial pattern of tree size structure and regeneration infers that forest boundary is advancing towards the grasslands at the expense of the grassland area, and tree establishment in the grasslands is part of a suceessional process. Temporally, tree establishment in grasslands started following the gradual decline in disturbance. We argue that local processes in terms of changed land use may best explain the phenomenon of ecotone shift and consequent forest expansion in these grasslands. We underpin the need for further research on the mechanism, rate and spatial extent of ecotone shift by using advaneed tools to understand the process indepth.     

桂林水南洞洞穴沉积物的古地磁记录及其古环境意义

通过对桂林水南洞2.5m厚的洞穴沉积物剖面的古地磁初步研究,其结果及地质证据表明该沉积剖面形成期可能与贾拉米洛正向期对应。根据磁化率、磁性矿物的特征和沉积学特征,对该地区这一地质时期的古环境变化提出以下认识:1.第三暖湿期,以钙华沉积为特征;2.第二干冷期,以含有少量钙质的黄褐色粘土为特征,并以含有高矫顽磁性矿物和低磁化率为特征;3.第二暖湿期,以互层的红褐色粘土、含高含量钙质的粘土或钙华为特征,并以含有低矫顽磁性矿物和高磁化率为特征;4.第一干冷期,以褐灰色粘土为特征,并以含有高矫顽磁性矿物和低磁化率为特征;5.第一暖湿期,以地下河沉积相(砂卵石为主)为特征。      

Remagnetization in tertiary rocks from the Faeroe Islands

Palaeomagnetic investigations of highly oxidized interbasaltic horizons and associated Lower Tertiary lavas from the Faeroe Islads suggest a long history of magnetization. The remanence directions are composed mostly of two deviating directions of opposite polarities aligned along an axis which palaeomagnetically appears to be younger than that of the original field. This, in addition to the observation that both the baking and baked rocks in most cases show almost identical directional trends upon demagnetization, questions the general validity of the baked contact test. It is suggested that to a major extent post-baking processes, such as low-temperature oxidation and precipitation of ferric oxides, have remagnetized the lavas as well as the tuff layers. Only two of the seven interbasaltic horizons investigated appear to have retained the ‘primary’ magnetization. It is concluded that besides a high bulk oxidation state (induced prior to, or as a result of baking) a “hornfelsic” nature of the baked sediments may be a necessary requirement for establishing primary palaeomagnetic directions in many volcanic regions.     

Heaving conditions by freezing of soils

The engineer is normally concerned with the effects of the freezing of soils; the heaving pressure, the amount of frost heave and the thaw weakening. To quantify these effects various soil parameters and theoretical considerations are used, often leading to different frost susceptibility criteria. Although a tremendous amount of work has been done to develop frost susceptibility criteria, it seems that, from an engineering point of view, little progress has been made over the last decades. However, an important development has taken place concerning the theory behind the frost heaving mechanism and to develop numerical models of frost heave.     

A crust-mantle model for the NORSAR area

Summary Elastic waves from explosions were recorded at NORSAR and at a number of field stations, and the data were used for determining a crust-mantle model under the array. The number of explosions was eleven distributed on seven shot points. The total number of recording points was fifty-one, and the interpretation was based on 350 individual records.The velocities obtained for the crustal phases were 6.2, 6.6 and 8.2 km/sec for theP _g ,P _g andP _n waves respectively. A deep crustal phase with a velocity of about 7.4 km/sec was observed. The mean depths to the discontinuities within the crust were determined to be 17 and 26 km. The depth to Moho varied greatly across the array from 31.5 km in the central part to 38 km under the C-ring. The maximum dip observed for the Moho was 12^o.Contribution No. 57 to Norwegian Geotraverse Project.     

Variations in the upper mantle structure as derived fromP n andS n waves

Summary Observed travel-times ofP _n andS _n waves are used to determine the ratio ofP _n toS _n velocities, Poisson's ratio and the ratio of incompressibility to shear modulus for Europe, Japan, North America and Scandinavia. The analysis of the data reveals that theP _n toS _n velocity ratio decreases when theP _n velocity increases for Scandinavia and North America, while the velocity ratio increases when theP _n velocity increases for Europe and Japan.     

On the seismic phasesP n andS n as recorded in Fennoscandia

Summary P _n velocities determined from seismic refraction measurements, show significant differences between Southern Finland (7.96 km/sec) and Southeastern Norway (8.20 km/sec). TheP _n/S_n velocity ratios (k) were determined from earthquake and explosion data, and the observed variation ofk indicates lateral variations in theP _n and/orS _n velocities in Fennoscandia.