黄河兰州以上气候要素长期变化趋势和突变特征分析

采用1960—2001年黄河流域兰州以上地区23个气象台站的气温、降水、日照时数和蒸发量4个气候要素的资料,分析了42年来兰州以上地区的气候变化和发展趋势。用非参数统计检验方法(Mann-Kendall法)分析了气候变化的长期变化趋势。结果表明,42年来全区平均变暖0.76℃,降水量、日照时数和蒸发量平均减少了17.89 mm,125.6 h和161.3 mm;用距平曲线法分析了气候变化的阶段性特征;用滑动T检验法(MTT法)、Ya-mamoto法和Mann-Kendall法对5年滑动平均的区域季节和年时间序列进行突变检测,讨论了黄河流域兰州以上地区的气候变化问题。MTT法的检测结果表明,气温、降水量和日照时数分别在20世纪80年代的末期、中期和初期发生了突变,蒸发量除了发生在80年代的突变外,90年代也有一次超过0.01显著性水平的突变;Yamamoto法检测结果表明,20世纪80年代的气候突变最为明显,1981年春季蒸发量和1985年的年气温均出现了强突变,年蒸发量突变的S/N值的位相明显提前于其他3个气候要素突变S/N值的位相;Mann-Kendall法检测结果表明,各气候要素年和季的突变年份中,气温主要发生在20世纪90年代,蒸发量主要发生在20世纪60年代,日照时数主要发生在20世纪80年代。这一事实也说明检测方法不同,评价结果会存在一定差异。     

全球资料同化中误差协方差三维结构的准确估计与应用Ⅱ:背景误差协方差调整与数值试验分析

利用NMC方法针对背景误差协方差的方差、三维相关与特征长度来揭示T213L31模式的误差主要特点,并与传统更新矢量方法的计算结果进行了对比与调整。结果表明NMC方法结果与更新矢量方法结果在大体特征上基本吻合,但细节上的差异不可忽视,特别是对背景误差方差与特征长度的估计存在显著的差异,其主要原因是NMC方法倾向于高估天气尺度波的背景误差,而低估次天气尺度到中尺度波的背景误差。通过对背景误差方差、特征长度的调整,显著改善了背景误差功率谱的分布特点,使得NMC方法结果与更新矢量方法结果更为吻合。通过三维变分同化与最优插值中观测与背景误差相对重要性的比较,发现两者结果基本一致,但三维变分同化在850 hPa以下的温度场和300 hPa以上的风场统计结果都表现出背景误差相对于观测误差偏小的特点。背景误差相对于观测误差偏小有助于保证分析场中质量场与风场平衡,消除了大气底层和高层质量场与风场不匹配现象。在数值试验中,针对不同的背景误差均方差与特征长度的特点,分析了分析增量和预报效果的差异,结果表明,准确的背景误差估计与优化工作改善了预报效果,使得北半球三维变分同化的120 h预报效果整体好于现有最优插值。     

Estimation and comparison of leaf area index of agricultural crops using irs liss-III and EO-1 hyperion images

Motivated by the increasingly availability and importance of hyperspectral remote sensing data, this study aims to determine whether current generation narrowband hyperspectral remote sensing data could be used to estimate vegetation Leaf Area Index (LAI) accurately than the traditional broadband multispectral data. A comparative study has been carried out to evaluate the performance of the narrowband Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDV1) derived from Hyperion hyperspectral sensor with that of derived from IRS LISS-III for the estimation of LAI of some major agricultural crops (e.g. cotton, sugarcane and rice) in part of Guntur district, India. It has been found that the narrowband NDVI derived from Hyperion has shown better results over its counterpart derived from broadband LISS-III. Linear regression models have been used which with selected subsets of individual Hyperion bands performed better to predict LAI than those based on the broadband datasets, although the potential to overfit models using the large number of available Hyperion bands is a concern for further research.     

Research on Autonomous Orbit Determination of Navigation Satellite Based on Crosslink Range and Orientation Parameters Constraining

Introduction Thepotentialvulnerabilityofsatellitenaviga tionsystemthatreliesongroundstationsisthat thesystemwouldbreakdownifgroundstations weredestroyed,whichcannotmeettherequire mentofnavigationwarfare[1].Withthedevelop mentofsuchspace basedsystemsasgrou…     

基于BP神经网络的GPS导航算法

GPS导航解算中常用最小二乘算法。随着高动态用户需求精度的不断提高，且由于线性化忽略高次项，初始值精度低以及差分后剩余或放大误差的存在。导航解精度很难满足高动态用户的需求。为此，本文基于BP神经网络的非线性逼近性能。给出了基于BP神经网络的GPS导航算法。实测数据计算结果表明该算法能够真实地反映载体运动轨迹，其导航解的精度和可靠性有明显的提高。     

郑州地磁台数字化与模拟资料的对比分析

选取郑州台2002年地磁相对观测D、Z分量资料,对同期数字化和模拟观测数据采用日变形态、趋势分析、差值分析、极值时间等方法作对比分析。结果表明:两种观测一致性较好,说明数字化仪器观测的数据是可靠的,用来代替模拟仪器是可行的,但因数字化仪器还存在观测数据突跳的问题,尚需作进一步的改进和完善。     

利用卫星光谱分析技术进行断层逸出气体监测

在不少震例中,临震前地壳出现气体异常,震前地下岩石受力产生裂隙,隐藏在地层中的CO2、CH4等温室气体逸出地表或水面。利用卫星光谱分析技术对断层逸出气体组分含量和总量进行监测,筛选出能够反应地震孕育过程中地下逸出气体异常演化特征的参数,建立地震短期预测的动态演化方法。对于认识震前地表气体异常机理,了解流体震兆的演变规律与这些气体异常的动态关系,改善卫星遥感地震预测,是很必要的。     

The kinetic energy budget of Asian summer monsoon

Summary The kinetic energy budget of the Asian summer monsoon is examined making use of the daily averaged (0000 and 1200 UTC) reanalysis data for forty-year (1960–99) period produced by the National Centres for Environmental Prediction-National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR). Especially, the features associated with evolution and established phases of the monsoon are elucidated. Some features are typical during both phases. The lower tropospheric balance is governed by adiabatic generation and frictional dissipation. On the other hand, the upper tropospheric balance is regulated by adiabatic generation and flux divergence. The adiabatic generation of kinetic energy within the boundary layer is mostly due to the meridional component. Contrasting characteristics during both phases are summarized as follows. Subtropical westerly jet controls the balance of kinetic energy during the evolution period. On the other hand, Tropical easterly jet and Somali jet modulate the balance during the established period. The adiabatic generation of kinetic energy is predominantly driven by the zonal component during the evolution phase and by the meridional component during the established phase of monsoon, respectively. This aspect essentially delineates the roles of zonal and meridional regimes during the evolution and established phases of the monsoon.     

青藏铁路唐古拉山-拉萨段全新世控震断裂研究

地表调查表明,沿青藏铁路唐古拉山-拉萨段存在5条重要的全新世控震断裂带,从北到南分别是温泉盆地西缘断裂带、安多盆地北缘断裂带、崩错断裂带、谷露西缘断裂带和当雄-羊八井断裂带.构造-地貌和年代学分析结果表明,北部的温泉盆地西缘断裂和安多盆地北缘断裂带的活动强度相对比较小,平均垂直活动速率约为0.2～0.5mm/a.南侧的谷露西缘断裂带和当雄-羊八井断裂带的全新世垂直活动速率为约(15±0.5)mm/a.而中部的崩错走滑断裂带的活动强度最大,晚第四纪期间的走滑速率可达(11±4.5)mm/a.全新世断裂活动和古地震研究表明,其中温泉盆地西缘断裂带、安多盆地北缘断裂带、崩错断裂带的西北分支、当雄-羊八井断裂带的当雄段等区域未来发生强震的概率相对更大.     

峰峰矿区建筑地基承载力经验公式的确定

在系统整理以往岩土工程勘察报告的基础上,利用本区第②层黄土状粉土的物理力学指标及载荷试验成果,通过三元一次方程得出第②层黄土状粉土的承载力的经验公式,该公式的建立对本区工程建设规划具有一定的指导意义。