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91.
Stratigraphic relationships, radiocarbon dating, sediment and peat characteristics, and rates of peat and carbon accumulation from a soligenous peatland, or “bofedal,” in the Chilean Altiplano shows the peatland to be unusually young, dynamic, and sensitive to environmental changes. The site lies in the National Park Nevado de Tres Cruces in the puna desert grassland at an elevation of 4300 m a.s.l. Eight peat cores were extracted from a 1.75-km transect yielding a maximum of 3.6 m of organic sediment. Organic matter began to accumulate 1700-1100 cal yr B.P. under a progressively arid local climate, after a period when regional climate is believed to have been more humid than at present. Areas of greater relief and better drainage in the valley bottom eventually fostered the growth of a riparian cushion plant community after water flowing down the valley began to diminish. This led to rapid lateral expansion of the riparian peatland communities over open water in topographic depressions at a rate heretofore unprecedented in the peatland literature. It appears that development of the peatland has been encouraged by autoregulation of internal hydrology. The drainage impediment created by organic mass accumulation in lower-relief areas probably reduced the amount of water arriving at the lower reaches of the peatland. These areas have become progressively drier and have since died and oxidized. Through endogenous peat accumulation and a concomitant drainage impediment, the ecosystem has been migrating upstream over the past 50 years. 相似文献
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A fast and economical routine sample preparation system is described for direct counting of14C for hydrological purposes. The method employs commercially available CO2 absorbers, such as Carbosorb, and liquid scintillation counters. The maximum error involved individual analyses is about ±4pmc (1 δ) on the Beckman counter and about ±2 pmc on the Quantulus counter with a resulting detection limit of 21,000–29,000 a for the Beckman LS7500 and 1220 Quantulus, respectively for a counting time of 1000 min. To avoid physical weighing procedures, an indirect method is presented to determine the grams of C absorbed in the counting solution by using the H-# quench monitor technique available in the Beckman liquid scintillation counters. On one sample preparation system at least five samples can be prepared per normal working day. The applicability of the CO2-absorption method is discussed with reference to two field sites and with reference to comparisons with data obtained on the same samples measured with conventional techniques. 相似文献
96.
Caroline Sassier Philippe Boulvais Denis Gapais Ramon Capdevila Hervé Diot 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(1):2-18
We describe amphibolite-facies shear zones affecting an orthogneiss from the Armorican Hercynian belt (Ile d’Yeu, western
France). The deformation pattern is consistent with top-to-the-South thrusting followed by E–W extension, as documented elsewhere
in the region. Shearing was accompanied by channelled fluid flow that transformed the orthogneiss into a peraluminous micaschist.
Structural and mineralogical data indicate rather early strain localization. Then, temperature increase associated with crustal
thickening favoured more distributed deformations marked by shear zone stretching and the development of a HT regional foliation.
Chemical analyses made across five shear zones show mass transfers that mainly implied losses in Ca and Na, and gains in H2O, Mg, and K. Most results indicate constant volume transformation, but some suggest records of either gains or losses of
volume (between +20% and −30%). This might reflect variable records of fluid-rock interactions according to the timing of
initiation and subsequent evolution of individual shear zones, early thrusting stages being marked by up-temperature flow,
and late thrusting stages by down-temperature flow. δ18O analyses suggest that fluids experienced significant isotopic exchange with orthogneisses. 相似文献
97.
The aim of this study is to analyze suspended sediment transport in a Mediterranean agricultural catchment under traditional soil and water conservation practices. Field measurements were conducted in Can Revull, a small ephemeral catchment (1.03 km2) on the island of Mallorca. This study uses continuous turbidity records to analyse suspended sediment transport regimes, construct and interpret multiple regression models of total suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and of SSC related to stormflow discharge, and assess the sediment loads and yields of three hydrological years (2004–2005 to 2006–2007). An annual average SSC of 17.3 mg l?1, with a maximum of 2270 mg l?1, was recorded in the middle of the winter period when rainfall intensities are high and headwater slopes are ploughed and thus bare. Strong seasonal contrasts of baseflow dynamics associated with different degrees of dilution provide a large scatter in SSC and in the derived rating curves, reflecting that other factors control the supply of suspended sediment. Multiple regression models identify rainfall intensity as the most significant variable in sediment supply. However, under baseflow conditions, physical and biological processes generate sediment in the channel that is subsequently removed during high flow. In contrast, when baseflow is not present, rainfall intensity is the only process that supplies sediment to the channel, mostly from hillslopes. Considering the study period as average in terms of total annual rainfall and intensities, suspended sediment yields were an order of magnitude lower than those obtained in other Mediterranean catchments, a factor that can be related to the historical use of soil conservation practices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
98.
Factors determining subsidence in urbanized floodplains: evidence from MT‐InSAR in Seville (southern Spain) 下载免费PDF全文
Ana Ruiz‐Constán Antonio M. Ruiz‐Armenteros Jesús Galindo‐Zaldívar Francisco Lamas‐Fernández Joaquim João Sousa Carlos Sanz de Galdeano Antonio Pedrera Sergio Martos‐Rosillo Miguel Caro Cuenca J. Manuel Delgado Ramon F. Hanssen Antonio J. Gil 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(14):2484-2497
Major rivers have traditionally been linked with important human settlements throughout history. The growth of cities over recent river deposits makes necessary the use of multidisciplinary approaches to characterize the evolution of drainage networks in urbanized areas. Since under‐consolidated fluvial sediments are especially sensitive to compaction, their spatial distribution, thickness, and mechanical behavior must be studied. Here, we report on subsidence in the city of Seville (Southern Spain) between 2003 and 2010, through the analysis of the results obtained with the Multi‐Temporal InSAR (MT‐InSAR) technique. In addition, the temporal evolution of the subsidence is correlated with the rainfall, the river water column and the piezometric level. Finally, we characterize the geotechnical parameters of the fluvial sediments and calculate the theoretical settlement in the most representative sectors. Deformation maps clearly indicate that the spatial extent of subsidence is controlled by the distribution of under‐consolidated fine‐grained fluvial sediments at heights comprised in the range of river level variation. This is clearly evident at the western margin of the river and the surroundings of its tributaries, and differs from rainfall results as consequence of the anthropic regulation of the river. On the other hand, this influence is not detected at the eastern margin due to the shallow presence of coarse‐grain consolidated sediments of different terrace levels. The derived results prove valuable for implementing urban planning strategies, and the InSAR technique can therefore be considered as a complementary tool to help unravel the subsidence tendency of cities located over under‐consolidated fluvial deposits. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
99.
Dmitrii D. Badyukov Natalia S. Bezaeva Pierre Rochette Jérôme Gattacceca Joshua M. Feinberg Myriam Kars Ramon Egli Jouko Raitala Dilyara M. Kuzina 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2018,53(1):131-150
Hypervelocity impacts occur on bodies throughout our solar system, and play an important role in altering the mineralogy, texture, and magnetic properties in target rocks at nanometer to planetary scales. Here we present the results of hypervelocity impact experiments conducted using a two-stage light-gas gun with 5 mm spherical copper projectiles accelerated toward basalt targets with ~6 km s−1 impact velocities. Four different types of magnetite- and titanomagnetite-bearing basalts were used as targets for seven independent experiments. These laboratory impacts resulted in the formation of agglutinate-like particles similar in texture to lunar agglutinates, which are an important fraction of lunar soil. Materials recovered from the impacts were examined using a suite of complementary techniques, including optical and scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and high- and low-temperature magnetometry, to investigate the texture, chemistry, and magnetic properties of newly formed agglutinate-like particles and were compared to unshocked basaltic parent materials. The use of Cu-projectiles, rather than Fe- and Ni-projectiles, avoids magnetic contamination in the final shock products and enables a clearer view of the magnetic properties of impact-generated agglutinates. Agglutinate-like particles show shock features, such as melting and planar deformation features, and demonstrate shock-induced magnetic hardening (two- to seven-fold increases in the coercivity of remanence Bcr compared to the initial target materials) and decreases in low-field magnetic susceptibility and saturation magnetization. 相似文献
100.
Gilberto?A.?A.?MoreiraEmail author André?A.?C.?dos?Santos Carlos?A.?M.?do?Nascimento Ramon?M.?Valle 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,143(2):393-407
We evaluate the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations available as commercial computational fluid dynamics code for the
simulation of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer and attempt to define a proper numerical simulation procedure. Four turbulence
models, including two-equation and Reynolds stress models, were evaluated together with two near-wall models. Mesh and map
digitization sensitivity tests were also performed. The simulations were compared to experimental field data from the Askervein
Hill in Scotland. The results show that the simulations performed with ANSYS CFX 12.1 on a proper mesh and topological map
with a Reynolds stress turbulence model provided the best wind-speed predictions when compared to the experimental results. 相似文献