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191.
Neetha Linto J. Barnes Ramesh Ramachandran Jennifer Divia Purvaja Ramachandran R. C. Upstill-Goddard 《Estuaries and Coasts》2014,37(2):381-398
We estimated CO2 and CH4 emissions from mangrove-associated waters of the Andaman Islands by sampling hourly over 24 h in two tidal mangrove creeks (Wright Myo; Kalighat) and during transects in contiguous shallow inshore waters, immediately following the northeast monsoons (dry season) and during the peak of the southwest monsoons (wet season) of 2005 and 2006. Tidal height correlated positively with dissolved O2 and negatively with pCO2, CH4, total alkalinity (TAlk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and pCO2 and CH4 were always highly supersaturated (330–1,627 % CO2; 339–26,930 % CH4). These data are consistent with a tidal pumping response to hydrostatic pressure change. There were no seasonal trends in dissolved CH4 but pCO2 was around twice as high during the 2005 wet season than at other times, in both the tidal surveys and the inshore transects. Fourfold higher turbidity during the wet season is consistent with elevated net benthic and/or water column heterotrophy via enhanced organic matter inputs from adjacent mangrove forest and/or the flushing of CO2-enriched soil waters, which may explain these CO2 data. TAlk/DIC relationships in the tidally pumped waters were most consistent with a diagenetic origin of CO2 primarily via sulphate reduction, with additional inputs via aerobic respiration. A decrease with salinity for pCO2, CH4, TAlk and DIC during the inshore transects reflected offshore transport of tidally pumped waters. Estimated mean tidal creek emissions were ~23–173 mmol m?2 day?1 CO2 and ~0.11–0.47 mmol m?2 day?1 CH4. The CO2 emissions are typical of mangrove-associated waters globally, while the CH4 emissions fall at the low end of the published range. Scaling to the creek open water area (2,700 km2) gave total annual creek water emissions ~3.6–9.2?×?1010 mol CO2 and 3.7–34?×?107 mol CH4. We estimated emissions from contiguous inshore waters at ~1.5?×?1011 mol CO2?year?1 and 2.6?×?108 mol CH4?year?1, giving total emissions of ~1.9?×?1011 mol CO2?year?1 and ~3.0?×?108 mol CH4?year?1 from a total area of mangrove-influenced water of ~3?×?104 km2. Evaluating such emissions in a range of mangrove environments is important to resolving the greenhouse gas balance of mangrove ecosystems globally. Future such studies should be integral to wider quantitative process studies of the mangrove carbon balance. 相似文献
192.
A concentrated load with step-function time behaviour is placed normal to the planar, pervious boundary of a porous elastic half space (PEHS) with compressible constituents. A planar fault exists in the PEHS in such a way that the poroelastic behaviour of the medium is unhindered. We derive an approximate but integral-free expression for CFSCPP, i.e., changes in fault stability due to changes in pore pressure, at a point not too far off the line along which the load acts. But, in the interest of simplicity, the main discussion is focussed on a consideration of CFSCPP at a point P located on the fault at depth z directly beneath the load. It is convenient to introduce dimensionless time t D directly proportional to real time t. The constant of proportionality is 4c/z 2, where c is hydraulic diffusivity. The derived approximate expression gives results with an accuracy of greater than 99% for limited values of t D after the load is imposed. We learn from the derived expression that, for a given z, fault stability undergoes an initial sudden decrease commensurate with the undrained pore pressure induced in the PEHS. This is followed by a more gradual decrease in fault stability with increasing t D until a minimum is reached. The real time t to minimum fault stability increases with z. The magnitude of CFSCPP decreases with z as z ?2 for a given t D in the permissible range. The derived expression and the inferences based on it should be useful during earth science investigations of the possible hazards due to reactivation of a pre-existing shallow fault when a civil engineering project involving imposition of a heavy load on the earth’s surface is to be executed nearby. They should be useful also for investigations if a shallow earthquake occurs near such a project soon after its execution. 相似文献
193.
Chandreyee Sengupta † Ramesh Balasubramanyam K. S. Dwarakanath 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,378(1):137-147
Environment plays an important role in the evolution of the gas contents of galaxies. Gas deficiency of cluster spirals and the role of the hot intracluster medium in stripping gas from these galaxies is a well-studied subject. Loose groups with diffuse X-ray emission from the intragroup medium (IGM) offer an intermediate environment between clusters and groups without a hot IGM. These X-ray bright groups have smaller velocity dispersion and lower temperature than clusters, but higher IGM density than loose groups without diffuse X-ray emission. A single-dish comparative study of loose groups with and without diffuse X-ray emission from the IGM, showed that the galaxies in X-ray bright groups have lost more gas on average than the galaxies in non X-ray bright groups. In this paper we present GMRT H i observations of 13 galaxies from four X-ray bright groups: NGC 5044, 720, 1550 and IC1459. The aim of this work is to study the morphology of H i in these galaxies and to see if the hot IGM has in any way affected their H i content or distribution. In addition to disturbed H i morphology, we find that most galaxies have shrunken H i discs compared to the field spirals. This indicates that IGM-assisted stripping processes like ram pressure may have stripped gas from the outer edges of the galaxies. 相似文献
194.
Arvind Singh R.A. Jani R. Ramesh 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2010,57(11):1422-1431
A new data set of oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) and salinity (S) of surface and sub-surface waters of the northern Indian Ocean, collected during the period 1987–2009, is presented. While the results are consistent with positive P?E (excess of precipitation over evaporation) over the Bay of Bengal and negative P?E over the eastern Arabian Sea, a significant spatiotemporal variability in the slope (also intercept) of the δ18O–S relation is observed in the Bay; the temporal variability is difficult to discern in the Arabian Sea. The slope and intercept are positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with the annual rainfall over India, a rough measure of river runoff. Both the slope and intercept appear to be sensitive to rainfall; the slope (intercept) is higher (lower) during years of stronger monsoon. The observed variability in the δ18O–S relation implies that caution needs to be exercised in paleosalinity estimations, especially from the Bay of Bengal, based on δ18O of marine organisms. 相似文献
195.
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198.
Hannah R. Griscom Scott N. Miller Thomas Gyedu-Ababio Ramesh Sivanpillai 《GeoJournal》2010,75(2):163-173
Considerable land cover changes have occurred in the Luvuvhu catchment in northeastern South Africa in the past two decades.
These changes are associated with human population growth and may be contributing to observed reductions in winter river baseflows
and increased episodes of river drying within Kruger National Park. Six-class land cover maps of the catchment were created
from 1978 (MSS) and 2005 (TM) Landsat imagery using an iterative technique. Results indicate a 1,000 km2 (12%) increase in Bare Ground between 1978 and 2005, with a concomitant decrease in shrubland and indigenous forest cover.
Overall classification accuracy in the 2005 image was 80%. Classification was most accurate for Water and Pine classes (100
and 92%) and least accurate for Indigenous Forest (46%), primarily due to misclassification as Shrubland. These maps are suitable
for land cover change and landscape modeling analyses, and can serve as baseline data for further research. 相似文献
199.
A new approach for dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral data has been proposed in this article. The method is based on extraction of fractal-based features from the hyperspectral data. The features have been generated using spectral fractal dimension of the spectral response curves (SRCs) after smoothing, interpolating and segmenting the curves. The new features so generated have then been used to classify hyperspectral data. Comparing the post classification accuracies with some other conventional dimensionality reduction methods, it has been found that the proposed method, with less computational complexity than the conventional methods, is able to provide classification accuracy statistically equivalent to those from conventional methods. 相似文献
200.
Analysis of the intensity maps of Fexiv emission at =5303 Å obtained from the observations of ground-based coronagraphs during the sunspot minimum period 1985 and 1986 shows the persistent presence of localized strong emissions. Typical emission intensities associated with the active regions were found to be about 5 to 20 times stronger than the unperturbed corona. Using Stanford magnetograms we identified strong magnetic field gradients in those active regions, with a minimum threshold gradient of 3 × 10–5 G km–1, associated with such strong emissions. From our sample we infer that the flux emergence within or in the vicinity of a persistent active region seems to play an important role in the activity associated with the enhancement in 5303 Å emission. 相似文献