Racing climate change: Collaboration and conflict in California's global climate change policy arena

Media accounts routinely refer to California's Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32), the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, as “landmark” climate change legislation. On its surface, this label is an accurate reflection of the state's forward-thinking stance across many environmental issues including pesticides, toxic substances, solid waste, and air quality. For all its promise, however, AB 32 can also be considered a low point in the landscape of conflict between state environmental regulators and California's environmental justice movement. While the legislation included several provisions to address the procedural and distributive dimensions of environmental justice, the implementation of AB 32 has been marked by heated conflict. The most intense conflicts over AB 32 revolve around the primacy of market mechanisms such as “cap and trade.” This article examines the drivers and the manifestations of these dynamics of collaboration and conflict between environmental justice advocates and state regulators, and pays particular attention to the scalar and racialized quality of the neoliberal discourse. The contentiousness of climate change politics in California offers scholars and practitioners around the world a cautionary tale of how the best intentions for integrating environmental justice principles into climate change policy do not necessarily translate into implementation and how underlying racialized fractures can upend collaboration between state and social movement actors.     

An exact linearization and decoupling of the integral equations satisfied by time-dependent X- and Y-functions

We discuss a simple method of linearization and decoupling of the integral equations satisfied by time-dependentX - andY -functions which play an important rôle in the study of non-stationary radiative transfer problems.     

Similarity solutions for propagation of strong plane shock waves in an optically thin atmosphere

Similarity solutions, using Planck's diffusion approximation, for propagation of strong plane shock waves in an optically thin grey atmosphere of uniform density are obtained. Solutions for the ratio of specific heats 4/3 and several values of the radiation parameter are compared with those in the absence of any radiation. Excerpts from the results of integrations for different values of the ratio of specific heats are also given in Tables I-III.     

Nonplanar ion acoustic solitary waves with superthermal electrons and positrons

The properties of cylindrical and spherical ion acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) are investigated in a three-component unmagnetized, collisionless plasma consisting of warm ion fluid and superthermally distributed electrons and positrons in a nonplanar cylindrical or spherical geometry. Using the reductive perturbation technique, the nonplanar cylindrical and spherical Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations are derived. The effects of spectral index of electron and positron, and other plasma parameters are studied. It is found that both negative as well as positive solitary potential structures are formed in nonplanar geometries. The numerical solution shows that amplitude of the soliton is large in spherical geometry in comparison with cylindrical geometry. Numerical results indicate that the amplitude of the soliton is large in spherical geometry in comparison with cylindrical geometry.     

Remark on the energy content of a blast wave

In this note a comment is made on the total energy content of a blast wave in a stellar model with continuous density distribution. The remark is based on the extensive numerical works carried out by Carruset al. (1951).     

The effect of bulk composition on the solidus of carbonated eclogite from partial melting experiments at 3 GPa

To explore the effect of bulk composition on the solidus of carbonated eclogite, we determined near-solidus phase relations at 3 GPa for four different nominally anhydrous, carbonated eclogites. Starting materials (SLEC1, SLEC2, SLEC3, and SLEC4) were prepared by adding variable proportions and compositions of carbonate to a natural eclogite xenolith (66039B) from Salt Lake crater, Hawaii. Near-solidus partial melts for all bulk compositions are Fe–Na calcio-dolomitic and coexist with garnet + clinopyroxene + ilmenite ± calcio-dolomitic solid solution. The solidus for SLEC1 (Ca#=100 × molar Ca/(Ca + Mg + Fe_T)=32, 1.63 wt% Na₂O, and 5 wt% CO₂) is bracketed between 1,050°C and 1,075°C (Dasgupta et al. in Earth Planet Sci Lett 227:73–85, 2004), whereas initial melting for SLEC3 (Ca# 41, 1.4 wt% Na₂O, and 4.4 wt% CO₂) is between 1,175°C and 1,200°C. The solidus for SLEC2 (Ca# 33, 1.75 wt% Na₂O, and 15 wt% CO₂) is estimated to be near 1,100°C and the solidus for SLEC3 (Ca# 37, 1.47 wt% Na₂O, and 2.2 wt% CO₂) is between 1,100°C and 1,125°C. Solidus temperatures increase with increasing Ca# of the bulk, owing to the strong influence of the calcite–magnesite binary solidus-minimum on the solidus of carbonate bearing eclogite. Bulk compositions that produce near-solidus crystalline carbonate closer in composition to the minimum along the CaCO₃-MgCO₃ join have lower solidus temperatures. Variations in total CO₂ have significant effect on the solidus if CO₂ is added as CaCO₃, but not if CO₂ is added as a complex mixture that maintains the cationic ratios of the bulk-rock. Thus, as partial melting experiments necessarily have more CO₂ than that likely to be found in natural carbonated eclogites, care must be taken to assure that the compositional shifts associated with excess CO₂ do not unduly influence melting behavior. Near-solidus dolomite and calcite solid solutions have higher Ca/(Ca + Mg) than bulk eclogite compositions, owing to Ca–Mg exchange equilibrium between carbonates and silicates. Carbonates in natural mantle eclogite, which have low bulk CO₂ concentration, will have Ca/Mg buffered by reactions with silicates. Consequently, experiments with high bulk CO₂ may not mimic natural carbonated eclogite phase equilibria unless care is taken to ensure that CO₂ enrichment does not result in inappropriate equilibrium carbonate compositions. Compositions of eclogite-derived carbonate melt span the range of natural carbonatites from oceanic and continental settings. Ca#s of carbonatitic partial melts of eclogite vary significantly and overlap those of partial melts of carbonated lherzolite, however, for a constant Ca-content, Mg# of carbonatites derived from eclogitic sources are likely to be lower than the Mg# of those generated from peridotite.     

Plane relativistic shock waves at the edge of a gas

Similarity solutions for propagation of plane relativistic shock waves through a medium of decreasing nucleon density and approaching the edge of the gas as well as for the subsequent motion of the gas after the shock front arrives at the vacuous boundary are studied in this paper. The medium in the pre-disturbed stage is assumed cold and in the disturbed stage its equation of state is taken as that of a photonic gas.     

Hindoli Group of Rocks in the Eastern Fringe of the Aravalli-Delhi Orogenic Belt-Archean Secondary Greenstone Belt or Proterozoic Supracrus tals?

The very low-grade metamorphic sequence of volcano-sedimentary rocks, sandwiched between the platform sediments of the Vindhyan Supergroup to the east and the Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC) to the west, in the eastern fringe of the Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt, has remained a stratigraphic enigma in the Precambrian geology of Rajasthan. This sequence known earlier as the Gwalior ‘series’ and in contemporary literature as the Hindoli Group, has been considered by several workers as a Proterozoic supracrustal unit and by some others, as an Archean secondary greenstone belt, based purely on geological considerations. U-Pb zircon geochronology was conducted to find an answer to this controversy on samples of felsic volcanics, conformably intercalated with the Hindoli sediments and hence, considered contemporaneous with them. Zircons from a sample of massive rhyodacite gave a concordia age of 1854k7 Ma though zircons from a sample of felsic tuff gave a wide range of ages between 3259-1877 Ma. Careful consideration of the nature of the samples and their constituent zircons suggests that the Hindoli Group rocks represent a low-grade Proterozoic supracrustal cover sequence in the eastern part of the Bhilwara belt, broadly synchronous to the Aravalli-Bhilwara sedimentation around 1.8 Ga.     

Solution of the equation of transfer for coherent scattering in an exponential atmosphere by Eddington's method

An approximate solution of the transfer equation for coherent scattering in stellar atmospheres with Planck's function as a nonlinear function of optical depth, viz., $$B_v \left( T \right) = b_0 + b_1 e^{ - \beta \tau } $$ is obtained by Eddington's method. is obtained by Eddington's method.     

A Case Study of Turbulence in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer During the Indian Summer Monsoon

Observations from the Cloud-Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment-Integrated Ground Observation Campaign (CAIPEEX-IGOC) provide a rare opportunity to investigate nocturnal atmospheric surface-layer processes and surface-layer turbulent characteristics associated with the low-level jet (LLJ). Here, an observational case study of the nocturnal boundary layer is presented during the peak monsoon season over Peninsular India using data collected over a single night representative of the synoptic conditions of the Indian summer monsoon. Datasets based on Doppler lidar and eddy-covariance are used for this purpose. The LLJ is found to generate nocturnal turbulence by introducing mechanical shear at higher levels within the boundary layer. Sporadic and intermittent turbulent events observed during this period are closely associated with large eddies at the scale of the height of the jet nose. Flux densities in the stable boundary layer are observed to become non-local under the influence of the LLJ. Different turbulence regimes are identified, along with transitions between turbulent periods and intermittency. Wavelet analysis is used to elucidate the presence of large-scale eddies and associated intermittency during nocturnal periods in the surface layer. Although the LLJ is a regional-scale phenomenon it has far reaching consequences with regard to surface-atmosphere exchange processes.