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61.
Rainer Hollerbach † Günther Rüdiger 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,337(1):216-224
We consider the evolution of magnetic fields under the influence of Hall drift and Ohmic decay. The governing equation is solved numerically, in a spherical shell with r i / r o = 0.75 . Starting with simple free-decay modes as initial conditions, we then consider the subsequent evolution. The Hall effect induces so-called helicoidal oscillations, in which energy is redistributed among the different modes. We find that the amplitude of these oscillations can be quite substantial, with some of the higher harmonics becoming comparable with the original field. Nevertheless, this transfer of energy to the higher harmonics is not sufficient to accelerate significantly the decay of the original field, at least not at the R B = O (100) parameter values accessible to us, where this Hall parameter R B measures the ratio of the Ohmic time-scale to the Hall time-scale. We do find clear evidence though of increasingly fine structures developing for increasingly large R B , suggesting that perhaps this Hall-induced cascade to ever-shorter length-scales is eventually sufficiently vigorous to enhance the decay of the original field. Finally, the implications for the evolution of neutron star magnetic fields are discussed. 相似文献
62.
The effect of long-term low-temperature exposure on apatite fission track stability: A natural annealing experiment in the deep ocean 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Since studies on deep-sea cores were carried out in the early 1990s it has been known that ambient temperature may have a marked affect on apatite fission track annealing. Due to sluggish annealing kinetics, this effect cannot be quantified by laboratory annealing experiments. The unknown amount of low-temperature annealing remains one of the main uncertainties for extracting thermal histories from fission track data, particularly for samples which experienced slow cooling in shallow crustal levels. To further elucidate these uncertainties, we studied volcanogenic sediments from five deep-sea drill cores, that were exposed to maximum temperatures between ∼10° and 70 °C over geological time scales of ∼15-120 Ma. Mean track lengths (MTL) and etch pit diameters (Dpar) of all samples were measured, and the chemical composition of each grain analysed for age and track length measurements was determined by electron microprobe analysis. Thermal histories of the sampled sites were independently reconstructed, based on vitrinite reflectance measurements and/or 1D numerical modelling. These reconstructions were used to test the most widely used annealing models for their ability to predict low-temperature annealing. Our results show that long-term exposure to temperatures below the temperature range of the nominal apatite fission track partial annealing zone results in track shortening ranging between 4 and 11%. Both chlorine content and Dpar values explain the downhole annealing patterns equally well. Low chlorine apatite from one drill core revealed a systematic relation between Si-content and Dpar value. The question whether Si-substitution in apatite has direct and systematic effects on annealing properties however, cannot be addressed by our data. For samples, which remained at temperatures <30 °C, and which are low in chlorine, the Laslett et al. [Laslett G., Green P., Duddy I. and Gleadow A. (1987) Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite. Chem. Geol. 65, 1-13] annealing model predicts MTL up to 0.6 μm longer than those actually measured, whereas for apatites with intermediate to high chlorine content, which experienced temperatures >30 °C, the predictions of the Laslett et al. (1987) model agree with the measured MTL data within error levels. With few exceptions, predictions by the Ketcham et al. [Ketcham R., Donelick R. and Carlson W. (1999) Variability of apatite fission-track annealing kinetics. III: Extrapolation to geological time scales. Am. Mineral. 84/9, 1235-1255] annealing model are consistent with the measured data for samples which remained at temperatures below ∼30 °C. For samples which experienced maximum temperatures between ∼30 and 70 °C, and which are rich in chlorine, the Ketcham et al. (1999) model overestimates track annealing. 相似文献
63.
64.
G.W. Reuter 《大气与海洋》2013,51(2):216-229
Abstract Precipitation production is investigated for 9 intense thunderstorms that developed over the Lowveld in South Africa. A C‐band radar is used to observe the 3‐dimensional reflectivity pattern. Using an empirical relation between reflectivity factor and precipitation content and integrating over the storm volume provides an estimate of the total precipitation content aloft. Likewise, an area integration of the instantaneous rain rate at cloud base yields an estimate of the rate of total outflow. At their maturing stage, the storms had precipitation contents of 0.2 to 5.0 Tg and rainfall rates of about 0.3 to 2.0 Gg s?1. The total accumulation of rain at the ground ranged from 1 to 10 Tg. The characteristic storm updraft, defined as the ratio of the area‐averaged rainfall rate to the volume‐averaged precipitation content, was about 5 ms?1 for all storms. The time evolution of integral storm parameters is also presented and related to the overall storm development. The precipitation production values observed in the Lowveld storms compares well with previous estimates reported for large thunderstorms observed in Alberta and New England. 相似文献
65.
66.
This review describes advances in radiative transfer theory since about 1985. We stress fundamental aspects and emphasize
modern methods for the numerical solution of the transfer equation for spatially multidimensional problems, for both unpolarized
and polarized radiation. We restrict the discussion to two-level atoms with noninverted populations for given temperature,
density and velocity fields.
Unfortunately this article was originally published with typesetter's errors: The correct publication date was 25 February
2006, not 3 January 2006. The content was not in the final form. The publishers wish to apologize for this mistake. The online
version of the original version can be found at /10.1007/s00159-005-0025-8. 相似文献
67.
Rainer Madejsky 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1989,156(1-2):223-228
CCD-photometry of 20 elliptical galaxy pairs was obtained in order to study the effects of galaxy interactions. Deviations from undisturbed brightness profiles are interpreted in terms of ongoing tidal interaction. The deviations include asymmetrical isophotes, distortions of the outer isophotes, twisting of the major axes of the outer isophotes with respect to the line connecting both galaxy centers, nonconcentric isophotes and extended or truncated brightness profiles.In particular, nonconcentric isophotes represent strong evidence in favour of ongoing interaction since they are generally not detected in undisturbed elliptical galaxies. The displacement of the nuclei with respect to the underlying galaxy is most probably explained as the consequence of a velocity impulse due to the perturbing galaxy. Brightness profiles of the brighter components in galaxy pairs are generally extended in comparison with brightness profiles of isolated elliptical galaxies. Truncated brightness profiles prevalent in most of the smaller components of galaxy pairs are interpreted as consequence of a tidally limited galaxy radius imposed by the more massive component. 相似文献
68.
69.
Rate coefficients for the association reactions of NO+ ions with N2 and CO2, O2+ with N2, and N+ and N2+ with N2 have been determined as a function of gas temperature in a laboratory experiment employing a variable-temperature drift-tube apparatus. The measured rate coefficients were fitted to power laws of the form where the exponents x ranged from 2.2 to 4.3. The strong temperature dependence observed in the case of the reaction of NO+ with N2 (x = 4.3) supports the thesis by Arnold et al. (1979) that the temperature variability of D-region ion densities is a result of this reaction step in the ion clustering sequence. 相似文献
70.
Rapid climate changes at the onset of the last deglaciation and during Heinrich Event H4 were studied in detail at IMAGES cores MD95-2039 and MD95-2040 from the Western Iberian margin. A major reorganisation of surface water hydrography, benthic foraminiferal community structure, and deepwater isotopic composition commenced already 540 years before the Last Isotopic Maximum (LIM) at 17.43 cal. ka and within 670 years affected all environments. Changes were initiated by meltwater spill in the Nordic Seas and northern North Atlantic that commenced 100 years before concomitant changes were felt off western Iberia. Benthic foraminiferal associations record the drawdown of deepwater oxygenation during meltwater and subsequent Heinrich Events H1 and H4 with a bloom of dysoxic species. At a water depth of 3380 m, benthic oxygen isotopes depict the influence of brines from sea ice formation during ice-rafting pulses and meltwater spill. The brines conceivably were a source of ventilation and provided oxygen to the deeper water masses. Some if not most of the lower deep water came from the South Atlantic. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages display a multi-centennial, approximately 300-year periodicity of oxygen supply at 2470-m water depth. This pattern suggests a probable influence of atmospheric oscillations on the thermohaline convection with frequencies similar to Holocene climate variations. For Heinrich Events H1 and H4, response times of surface water properties off western Iberia to meltwater injection to the Nordic Seas were extremely short, in the range of a few decades only. The ensuing reduction of deepwater ventilation commenced within 500–600 years after the first onset of meltwater spill. These fast temporal responses lend credence to numerical simulations that indicate ocean–climate responses on similar and even faster time scales. 相似文献