Compositional zoning of garnet porphyroblasts from the polymetamorphic Wölz Complex, Eastern Alps

We employ garnet isopleth thermobarometry to derive the P–T conditions of Permian and Cretaceous metamorphism in the Wölz crystalline Complex of the Eastern Alps. The successive growth increments of two distinct growth zones of the garnet porphyroblasts from the Wölz Complex indicate garnet growth in the temperature interval of 540°C to 560°C at pressures of 400 to 500 MPa during the Permian and temperatures ranging from 550°C to 570°C at pressures in the range of 700 to 800 MPa during the Cretaceous Eo-Alpine event. Based on diffusion modelling of secondary compositional zoning within the outermost portion of the first garnet growth zone constraints on the timing of the Permian and the Eo-Alpine metamorphic events are derived. We infer that the rocks remained in a temperature interval between 570°C and 610°C over about 10 to 20 Ma during the Permian, whereas the high temperature stage of the Eo-Alpine event only lasted for about 0.2 Ma. Although peak metamorphic temperatures never exceeded 620°C, the prolonged thermal annealing during the Permian produced several 100 µm wide alteration halos in the garnet porphyroblasts and partially erased their thermobarometric memory. Short diffusion profiles which evolved around late stage cracks within the first garnet growth zone constrain the crack formation to have occurred during cooling below about 450°C after the Eo-Alpine event.     

Recombination of electrons with H3+ and H5+ ions

The dissociative recombination coefficients α for capture of electrons by H₃⁺ and H₅⁺ ions have been determined as a function of electron temperature T_e using a microwave afterglow-mass spectrometer apparatus. At ion and neutral temperatures T_u+ = T_n = 240 K, the coefficient α (H₃⁺) is found to vary slowly with T_e at first, decreasing from 1.6 × 10^?7 cm³/s at T_e = 240 K to 1.2 × 10^?7 cm³/s at T_e = 500 K, thereafter falling as T_e^?1 over the range 500 K ? T_e, ? 3000 K. These results, which have a ± 20% uncertainty, agree satisfactorily over the common energy range (0.03–0.36 eV) with the recombination cross sections determined in merged beam measurements by Auerbach et al. At T₊ = T_n = 128 K, the coefficient α(H₅⁺) is found to be (1.8 ± 0.3) × 10^?6 [T_e(K)/300]^?0.69 cm³/s over the range 128 K ? T_e ? 3000 K, with a more rapid decrease, as T_e^?1, between 3000 K and 5500 K. The implications of these results for modelling planetary atmospheres and interstellar clouds are briefly touched on.     

Electron spin resonance dating of the fossil deposits in the Naracoorte Caves,South Australia

The caves near Naracoorte, South Australia, contain one of the richest and most diverse fossil faunal assemblages on the Australian continent. Three sites were selected for electron spin resonance (ESR) dating because clastic, fossiliferous sediments were sandwiched between speleothem layers. This allows independent age control by highly precise thermal ionization mass‐spectrometry (TIMS) U‐series dating. We find that all ESR results agree within the constraints given by the U‐series dates, and allow further refinement of the age of the fauna analysed, indicating that most of the fauna in the large Victoria Cave Fossil Chamber is twice as old as reported previously. Our dating results, spanning from 280 to 500 ka for the Fossil Chamber, Victoria Cave, to about 125 ka for the Grant Hall, Victoria Cave, and 170 to 280 ka for the Fossil Chamber, Cathedral Cave, indicate little change, if any, in the megafaunal assemblage from the early Middle to the early Late Pleistocene. This changed dramatically after the last interglacial, when a large proportion of the megafauna suddenly disappeared. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gibt es Zusammenhänge zwischen Erdbeben und Gebirgsschlaghäufungen im Bergbau Bleiberg?

ZusammenfassungGibt es Zusammenhänge zwischen Erdbeben und Gebirgsschlaghäufungen im Bergbau Bleiberg Langjährige Beobachtungen beim Bergbau Bleiberg lassen den Schluß zu, daß dieselben Spannungen in der Erdkruste, welche Erdbeben auslösen, auch Gebirgsschlaghäufungen hervorrufen. Im besonderen wirkt sich auf Bleiberg offenbar die durch den Mittelmeerraum führende Erdbebenzone aus. Aber auch Unruhen anderer Teile der Erdkruste, so jene des Karibischen Raumes, scheinen Einfluß zu haben. Von Erdbeben der südamerikanischen Pazifikküste konnte nach unseren Aufzeichnungen kein Einfluß abgeleitet werden.

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SummaryAre there Connexions Between Earthquakes and the Frequency of Rock Bursts in the Mine of Bleiberg Observations, that were done in the mine of Bleiberg, allow the conclusion, that the same stresses in the earth's crust, which cause earthquakes cause higher frequencies of rock bursts, to. Specially the area of earthquakes around the Mediterranean has effects on Bleiberg. But also other parts of the earth's crust in particular those of the Caribbean area, seem to have their effects. Effects caused by earthquakes of the South-American Pacific-Coast could not be derived from our records.

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RésuméRelations entre des tremblements de terre et des coups de rupture de roche Des observations faites durant des années dans la mine de Bleiberg on permis de conclure, que les contraintes dans l'écorce terrestre qui provoque des séismes suscitent également une augmentation de la fréquence des coups de rupture de roche. En particulier, Bleiberg est sous l'influence de la zone sismique de la région de la Méditerranée, mais il semble, que d'autres régions de l'écorce terrestre, par exemple celles de la région caraibe, ont une influence sur la région mentionnée. Par contre selon les enregistrements effectués on a pas pu constaté une influence des séismes de la côte sud-américaine du Pacifique sur cette région.

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Vortrag, gehalten während des XXII. Geomechanik-Kolloquiums im Oktober 1973 in Salzburg.

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Mit 7 Abbildungen     

Comparison of Galerkin-type discretization techniques for two-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media

A comparison of Standard Galerkin, Petrov-Galerkin, and Fully-Upwind Galerkin methods for the simulation of two-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media is presented. On the basis of the coupled pressure-saturation equations, a generalized formulation for all three finite element methods is derived and analysed. For flow in homogeneous media, the Petrov-Galerkin method gives excellent results. But this method fails miserably for problems with heterogeneous media. This is because it is not able to capture correctly processes that take place at interfaces when, for instance, the capillary pressure-saturation relationship after Brooks and Corey is assumed. The Fully-Upwind Galerkin method is superior to the Petrov-Galerkin approach because it is able to give correct results for flow in homogeneous and heterogeneous media for the two models of van Genuchten and Brooks-Corey. The widely used formulation which is correct for the homogeneous case cannot be used for heterogeneous media. Instead the straightforward approach of gradp_c in combination with a chord-slope technique must be utilized.     

Zur Hyperthermie der menschlichen Haut

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer für andere Zwecke abgeleiteten Formel für die zeitliche Erwärmung der Oberfläche eines strahlungsdurchlässigen Mediums (Reuter [2]) wird der Versuch unternommen, unter gewissen Voraussetzungen die Zeitspanne einer Hyperthermie der ursprünglich 33gradigen menschlichen Haut auf 41° zu berechnen. Für die Berechnung ist die Kenntnis verschiedener Eigenschaften der Haut in bezug auf Strahlung und Wärmeleitung erforderlich. Die dazu nötigen Unterlagen wurden im wesentlichen nachBüttner [1] in Form der entsprechenden Konstanten verwendet. Eine Hyperthermie auf 41° wurde deswegen gewählt, weil nachde Rudder [4] dabei in der Hälfte der beobachteten Fälle bereits letaler Hitzschlag auftritt. Als Außenbedingungen wurden angenommen, daß die Lufttemperatur 30° betrage und während des ganzen Einstrahlungsprozesses sich nicht wesentlich ändere, ferner, daß Windstille herrsche. Die Einstrahlungs-intensität wurde konstant vorausgesetzt und ebenso der Wärmeverlust der Hautoberfläche durch Abstrahlung und Verdunstung. Den Berechnungen wurde schließlich noch die Annahme zugrunde gelegt, daß es sich um völlig schwitzende Haut handelt, also der größtmögliche Wärmeverlust durch Verdunstung auftritt. Das Ergebnis ist für verschiedene Einstrahlungs-intensitäten und verschiedene Werte der Luftfeuchte aus Tabelle 3 ersichtlich. Es ergibt sich daraus, daß bis zu einer Einstrahlungsintensität von 1,0 cal pro cm² und Minute die Gefahr einer raschen Hyperthermie nicht besteht. Dagegen ist bei einem Ansteigen der Einstrahlungsintensität auf 1,5 cal pro cm² und Minute, was im Einzelfall in unseren Breiten erreicht wird, in niedrigen Breiten jedoch häufig realisiert sein dürfte, die Zeitspanne bis zu einer Hyperthermie auf 41° verhältnismäßig gering und liegt je nach der Luftfeuchte zwischen einer viertel und einer halben Stunde.

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Summary In applying a formula derived for other purposes for the warming of the surface of a medium pervious to radiation (Reuter [2]) it is attempted on certain conditions to compute the span of time of hyperthermy of a human skin surface raised from originally 33° up to 41°. For the computation the knowledge of several skin qualities with regard to radiation and heat conductivity is needed. The essential data are used afterBüttner [1]) in the form of the corresponding constants. A hyperthermy up to 41° was chosen because, according tode Rudder [4], this is the critical temperature where in half of the cases a letal apoplexy ensues already. As to open air conditions the temperature is assumed to be 30° and not to change essentially during the process of incoming radiation. Besides there must be a calm. Both the insolation intensity and the loss of heat of the skin surface by outcoming radiation and evaporation are supposed to be constant. The computations are based on the supposition that the skin is totally perspiring which represents the utmost loss of heat by evaporation. The result is shown on table 3 for different insolation intensities and different values of atmospheric humidity. Hence it follows that up to an insolation of 1,0 cal/cm² min the danger of a rapid hyperthermy does not exist. Whereas in a rising of the insolation to 1,5 cal/cm² min which is now and then reached in our latitudes but often realised in lower latitudes, the span of time for a hyperthermy up to 41° is relatively small and amounts according to atmospheric humidity to between a quarter and half an hour.

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Résumé On tente de calculer le temps nécessaire, sous certaines conditions, pour porter de 33° à 41° la température de la peau humaine à l'aide d'une formule établie dans un autre but et qui donne l'échauffement de la surface d'un corps transparent pour les radiations envisagées (Reuter [2]). Il faut pour cela connaître certaines propriétés de la peau en ce qui concerne le rayonnement et la conductibilité calorifique. Les données nécessaires ont été empruntées àBüttner [1] sous la forme de constantes appropriées. On a choisi une hyperthermie atteignant 41° parcequ'alors d'aprèsde Rudder [4] dans ces conditions dans la moitié des cas observés il y a insolation mortelle. On suppose pour le calcul que la température de l'air est de 30°, constante pendant toute la durée de l'expérience, et que l'air est calme. De plus on suppose un rayonnement incident invariable et une perte de chaleur constante de la peau par émission et évaporation. On admet enfin que la peau est en état de pleine sudation et que par conséquent les pertes de chaleur par évaporation sont maxima. Le tableau 3 montre les résultats pour différentes intensités de rayonnement et pour différentes valeurs de l'humidité. Il en résulte que jusqu'à une intensité de rayonnement de 1,0 cal. par cm² et par minute il n'y a pas de danger d'hyperthermie rapide. Par contre si le rayonnement atteint 1,5 cal. par cm² et par min., conditions parfois réalisées sous nos latitudes et fréquentes sous des latitudes plus basses, le seuil de l'hyperthermie à 41° est assez court et se trouve compris entre 1/4 d'heure et 1/2 heure, suivant l'humidité.

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Mit 1 Textabbildung.     

Buchbesprechungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Investigation of the different binding edge sites for Zn on montmorillonite using P-EXAFS - The strong/weak site concept in the 2SPNE SC/CE sorption model

The 2 site protolysis non electrostatic surface complexation and cation exchange (2SPNE SC/CE) sorption model has been used over the past decade or so to quantitatively describe the uptake of metals with oxidation states from II to VI on 2:1 clay minerals; montmorillonite and illite. One of the main features in this model is that there are two broad categories of amphoteric edge sorption sites; the so called strong (S^SOH) and weak (S^W1OH) sites. Because of their different sorption characteristics, it was expected that the coordination environments of the surface complexes on the two site types would be different. Zn isotherm data on two montmorillonites, Milos and STx-1, were measured and modelled using the 2SPNE SC/CE sorption model. The results were used to define the most favourable experimental conditions under which Zn sorption was either dominated by the strong (S^SOH, ∼2 mmol kg⁻¹) or by the weak sites (S^W1OH, ∼40 mmol kg⁻¹). Highly oriented self-supporting films were prepared for polarised extended X-ray absorption fine structure (P-EXAFS) investigations.Montmorillonites often contain Zn incorporated in the clay matrix. The Zn bound in this form was quantified and the results from the analysis of the P-EXAFS spectra were taken into account in the interpretation of the spectra measured at low Zn loadings (∼2 mmol kg⁻¹) and medium Zn loadings (∼30 mmol kg⁻¹). The Zn spectra on the “strong sites” exhibited a pronounced angular dependency and formed surface complexes in the continuity of the Al-octahedral sheets at the montmorillonite edges. In contrast, the Zn “weak site” spectra showed only a weak angular dependency. The spectroscopic evidence indicates the existence of two distinct groups of edge surface binding sites which is consistent with a multi-site sorption model and in particular with the strong/weak site concept intrinsic to the 2SPNE S/CE sorption model.     

Designed for failure: A critique of the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union

The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Union has neither lived up to its aim of enhancing the sustainability of fish stocks nor that of improving the economic competitiveness of the fishing industry. This paper discusses the failure of the CFP from a biological, economical, legal and political perspective.     

Calculation of molecular weights of humic substances from colligative data: Application to aquatic humus and its molecular size fractions

A rigorous mathematical expression for the dependence of colligative properties on acid dissociation of water soluble humic substances is presented. New data for number average molecular weights of a river derived humic material and its gel permeation Chromatographic fractions are compared with $\text{M}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{n}}$ values obtained by a reevaluation of previously published experimental observations on soil and water fulvic acids. The results reveal a remarkable similarity of fulvic acids from widely different sources with respect to number-average molecular weight.