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831.
The water vapour continuum is characterised by absorption that varies smoothly with wavelength, from the visible to the microwave. It is present within the rotational and vibrational–rotational bands of water vapour, which consist of large numbers of narrow spectral lines, and in the many ‘windows’ between these bands. The continuum absorption in the window regions is of particular importance for the Earth’s radiation budget and for remote-sensing techniques that exploit these windows. Historically, most attention has focused on the 8–12?μm (mid-infrared) atmospheric window, where the continuum is relatively well-characterised, but there have been many fewer measurements within bands and in other window regions. In addition, the causes of the continuum remain a subject of controversy. This paper provides a brief historical overview of the development of understanding of the continuum and then reviews recent developments, with a focus on the near-infrared spectral region. Recent laboratory measurements in near-infrared windows, which reveal absorption typically an order of magnitude stronger than in widely used continuum models, are shown to have important consequences for remote-sensing techniques that use these windows for retrieving cloud properties. 相似文献
832.
研究了铁路连续梁拱组合体系桥梁的支座减、隔震设计.针对该桥梁的特点提出了摩擦摆支座减、隔震设计的原则与方法;建立全桥计算模型,采用非线性时程分析方法重点分析了摩擦摆支座的减、隔震效果.结果表明,采用摩擦摆支座可以显著地减小结构顺桥向的最大地震弯矩及拱顶变形,横桥向的减、隔震效果受输入地震动的影响很大. 相似文献
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B. J. Shuter A. G. Finstad I. P. Helland I. Zweimüller F. H?lker 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2012,74(4):637-657
Thermal preference and performance provide the physiological frame within which fish species seek strategies to cope with the challenges raised by the low temperatures and low levels of oxygen and food that characterize winter. There are two common coping strategies: active utilization of winter conditions or simple toleration of winter conditions. The former is typical of winter specialist species with low preferred temperatures, and the latter is typical of species with higher preferred temperatures. Reproductive strategies are embodied in the phenology of spawning: the approach of winter conditions cues reproductive activity in many coldwater fish species, while the departure of winter conditions cues reproduction in many cool and warmwater fish species. This cuing system promotes temporal partitioning of the food resources available to young-of-year fish and thus supports high diversity in freshwater fish communities. If the zoogeographic distribution of a species covers a broad range of winter conditions, local populations may exhibit differences in their winter survival strategies that reflect adaptation to local conditions. Extreme winter specialists are found in shallow eutrophic lakes where long periods of ice cover cause winter oxygen levels to drop to levels that are lethal to many fish. The fish communities of these lakes are simple and composed of species that exhibit specialized adaptations for extended tolerance of very low temperatures and oxygen levels. Zoogeographic boundaries for some species may be positioned at points on the landscape where the severity of winter overwhelms the species’ repertoire of winter survival strategies. Freshwater fish communities are vulnerable to many of the shifts in environmental conditions expected with climate change. Temperate and northern communities are particularly vulnerable since the repertoires of physiological and behavioural strategies that characterize many of their members have been shaped by the adverse environmental conditions (e.g. cool short summers, long cold winters) that climate change is expected to mitigate. The responses of these strategies to the rapid relaxation of the adversities that shaped them will play a significant role in the overall responses of these fish populations and their communities to climate change. 相似文献
838.
Stefan?R?sel Anna?Rych?a Christian?Wurzbacher Hans-Peter?GrossartEmail author 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2012,74(1):87-99
Nutrient fluxes across terrestrial-aquatic boundaries and their subsequent integration into lake nutrient cycles are currently
a major topic of aquatic research. Although pollen represents a good substrate for microorganisms, it has been neglected as
a terrestrial source of organic matter in lakes. In laboratory experiments, we incubated pollen grains of Pinus sylvestris in water of lakes with different trophy and pH to estimate effects of pollen input and its subsequent microbial degradation
on nutrient dynamics. In this ex situ experiment, we measured concentrations of organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen in the surrounding water as well as microbial
dynamics (bacteria and fungal sporangia) at well-controlled conditions. Besides leaching, chemical and microbial decomposition
of pollen was strongest within the first week of incubation. This led to a marked increase of soluble reactive phosphorus
and total dissolved nitrogen (up to 0.04 and 1.5 mg L−1, respectively, after 5 days of incubation) in the ambient water. In parallel, pollen grains were rapidly colonized by heterotrophic
bacteria and aquatic fungi. Leaching and microbial degradation of pollen accounted for ≥80, ≥40, ≥50% for organic C, N and
P, respectively, and did not significantly differ among water samples from the studied lakes. Thus, pollen introduces high
amounts of bio-available terrestrial organic matter and nutrients into surface waters within a short time. A rough calculation
on P input into oligotrophic Lake Stechlin indicates that pollen plays an important ecological role in nutrient cycling of
temperate lakes. This requires further attention in aquatic ecology. 相似文献
839.
Alexandre A. Costa António Arêde Aníbal Costa Jo?o Guedes Bruno Silva 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(1):135-159
Stone masonry is one of the oldest building techniques used worldwide and it is known to exhibit poor behaviour under seismic
excitations. In this context, this work aims at assessing the in-plane behaviour of an existing double-leaf stone masonry
pier by experimental testing. Additionally, a detailed 3D finite element numerical analysis based on micro-modelling of the
original pier is presented (fully describing the geometry and division of each individual elements, namely infill, blocks
and joints) aiming at simulating the experimental test results. This numerical strategy can be seen as an alternative way
of analysing this type of constructions, particularly useful for laboratory studies, and suitable for the calibration of simplified
numerical models. As part of a wider research activity, this work is further complemented with the presentation of an effective
retrofit/strengthening technique (reinforced connected plaster) to achieve a significant improvement of its in-plane cyclic
response which is experimentally verified in the results presented herein. 相似文献
840.
Jennifer M. Brown Rodolfo Bola?os Michael J. Howarth Alejandro J. Souza 《Ocean Dynamics》2012,62(7):969-982
Sea level comprises a mean level, tidal elevation and a residual elevation. Knowledge of what causes maximum water levels is often key in coastal management. However, different methods to extract deviations in water level (residuals) from modelled and observed elevation can give different results. The Dee Estuary, northwest England is a macrotidal estuary that undergoes periodic stratification. It is used here to demonstrate methods to extract the residual water level in response to the following interactive processes: tidal, river-induced stratification and flow, meteorology and waves. Using modelling techniques, the interaction and contribution of different physical processes are investigated. Classical harmonic tidal analysis, model simulations and filtering techniques have been used to “de-tide” the total elevation for short-term (approximately month long) records. Each technique gives a different result highlighting the need to select the correct method for a required study. Analysis of the residual components demonstrates that all processes inducing residuals interact with the tide generating a semi-diurnal residual component. It is suggested that modelling methods enable the full effect of tidal interaction to remain in the residual, whilst harmonic tidal analysis (partly) modify and filtering methods (fully) remove this component of the residual. The analysis methods presented and their influences on the resultant residual are applicable to other study sites. However, when applied specifically to the mouth of the Dee Estuary, the external surge is found to be the main contributor to the total residual, whilst local wind and stratification effects are of secondary importance. 相似文献