配电网GIS的一种开发模式探讨

开发配电GIS主要有3种组织: GIS厂商及GIS二次开发商、配电自动化厂商、电力系统单位.分析了他们在开发中的优势与劣势, 提出一种把配电GIS系统分层, 由GIS厂商开发配电GIS平台, 自动化厂商及电力系统单位在该平台上进行2次开发的模式.论述了配电GIS平台的功能范围及海量数据管理、拓扑关系管理、设备库、按设备分层的拓扑关系模型、组件技术等关键技术, 并介绍了这种模式的一个实例.      

受冲击荷载作用土体变形的有限元研究

把土当作一种弹塑性材料,把钻头冲击土体的过程抽象为一个半无限体在圆环面积上受均布力作用的问题,建立合理的计算模型,采用ANSYS有限元分析中瞬时动态动力学分析来模拟分析土体冲击变形过程,探讨在钻头结构一定、输出一定的冲击功的条件下,其所能切入土层的深度和钻头对柱状土心的扰动情况。经分析得出,土体轴向压缩量在钻头底唇面处最大,在土样中心部位最小;钻头内外壁和土层接触处土中的密塞斯应力几乎是突变的,而应力在土样中几乎都保持在最小值的水平;冲击对土样的扰动只是在一个很小的范围内。     

塔里木南缘元古代变质基性火山岩地球化学特征——古塔里木板块中元古代裂解的证据

超大陆裂解是当今地学研究最前沿课题.通过研究塔里木南缘铁克里克构造带前寒武纪变质火山岩的岩石化学特征、微量元素特征、稀土元素特征及Sm-Nd同位素特征, 探讨古塔里木板块的中元古代大陆裂解构造事件.该套变质火山岩组合下部以变质酸性火山岩(流纹岩夹部分晶屑凝灰岩)为主, 夹少量玄武岩, 上部为玄武岩夹少量条带状大理岩.基性火山岩w(SiO₂)为42.34%~49.55%, w(Na₂O+K₂O)为2.63%~8.81%.下部玄武岩w(Na₂O)/w(K₂O)值为0.54~1.5, 为钾玄岩系列, 稀土总量高, 且轻稀土富集, 平均w(La)_n/w(Yb)_n值为3.45, δ(Eu)为0.69~0.91, 具弱至中等的Eu负异常, 微量元素具有碱性板内玄武岩特征; 上部玄武岩w(Na₂O)/w(K₂O)为5.11~17.89, 为拉斑系列, 轻重稀土没有明显分异, δ(Eu)在0.81~1.13之间, 基本没有Eu异常, w(La)_n/w(Yb)_n平均为1.69, 配分曲线与大洋拉斑玄武岩一致, 微量元素显示LILE(如Rb、Ba、Th)富集, HFSE与大洋拉斑玄武岩一致.岩石地球化学反映从早到晚由碱性-钙碱系列逐渐向拉斑系列演化.在上部玄武岩中获得(1 200± 82.3)Ma的Sm-Nd等时线年龄.认为该套变质火山岩记录了古塔里木板块在中元古代大陆裂解的构造过程.      

冬季东亚-西太平洋西风急流基本结构及其异常的诊断分析

利用ECMWF再分析资料ERA40中的逐月风场和温度场资料,对冬季位于东亚-西太平洋上空的西风急流(WJS)基本结构和异常特征进行了分析.结果表明,一年当中最为强盛的冬季200 hPa WJS主体稳定地分布于东亚至西太平洋上空,向上向下均迅速减小.在对流层中高层,从东亚沿海到太平洋上空的西风系统较为深厚,低层对应着显著的大气斜压区.通过对东亚-西太平洋地区冬季200 hPa纬向风异常的EOF分解得到三种异常空间分布型,第一模态的中纬度西风异常主要发生于日界线以东的中东太平洋上空,第二、三模态则分别对应WJS主体发生增强/减弱和位置的北/南移动.WJS的这三种空间异常形态与中纬度低层大气斜压性的三种异常分布型相对应.通过对冬季WJS长期趋势的初步分析发现,近二十年来,洋面上空西风急流有增强趋势,这是由于急流轴南侧洋面上空大气存在显著增暖趋势、而急流轴北侧洋面上空却有变冷的趋势所造成的.     

土钉墙基坑支护中疏排桩抗滑效应研究

在软粘土地基基坑支护中,当基坑开挖深度较深时,土钉墙的最危险圆弧滑动面往往入土较深,很难满足工程设计需要,为此可采用疏排桩以满足其整体稳定性要求。从土的塑性理论出发,利用土拱效应原理,分析了作用于疏排桩上的土压力。利用桩土相互作用的原理,研究了疏排桩在土钉墙基坑支护中的抗滑效应,并在深基坑支护中得到实际工程的验证。     

Modern sedimentation rates in the intertidal zone on the west coast of the Bohai Gulf

On the basis of the measurement of ^210Pbcx and ^137Cs activities in the sediment cores taken from the intertidal zone on the west coast of the Bohai Gulf, the average sedimentation rates of modern sediments are calculated. The results indicate that in the sandy area of the intertidal zone (from Daogouzi to the Duliujian River), the sedimentation rate from 1955 to 1963 is 3.43～4.06 cm/a, and is within the range of 0.65～1.59 cm/a since 1963. The average sedimentation rate in the muddy area (around Qikou) is approximately 1.81 cm/a.The results above suggest that the sandy area of the intertidal zone has experienced rapid sedimentation from the 1950s to the 1960s,and the sedimentation slows down after the 1960s, and the sedimentation rates increase from north to south spatially. The rapid sedimentation from the 1950s to the 1960s in the sandy area is due to the fact that North China has plentiful precipitation during this period and the intertidal zone is supplied with abundant matter sources for sedimentation. After the 1960s, the weakened sedimentation may be a result of the reduction of sand transported to the intertidal zone, which is a consequence of diminished rainfall in North China and intensive human activities in the Haihe basin.     

Comparison of groundwater age models for assessing nitrate loading,transport pathways,and management options in a complex aquifer system

In an aquifer system with complex hydrogeology, mixing of groundwater with different ages could occur associated with various flow pathways. In this study, we applied different groundwater age‐estimation techniques (lumped parameter model and numerical model) to characterize groundwater age distributions and the major pathways of nitrate contamination in the Gosan agricultural field, Jeju Island. According to the lumped parameter model, groundwater age in the study area could be explained by the binary mixing of the young groundwater (4–33 years) and the old water component (>60 years). The complex hydrogeologic regimes and local heterogeneity observed in the study area (multilayered aquifer, well leakage hydraulics) were particularly well reflected in the numerical model. The numerical model predicted that the regional aquifer of Gosan responded to the fertilizer applications more rapidly (mean age: 9.7–22.3 years) than as estimated by other models. Our study results demonstrated that application and comparison of multiple age‐estimation methods can be useful to understand better the flow regimes and the mixing characteristics of groundwater with different ages (pathways), and accordingly, to reduce the risk of improper groundwater management plans arising from the aquifer heterogeneity.     

Numerical studies of vertical Cl−, δ2H and δ18O profiles in the aquifer–aquitard system in the Pearl River Delta,China

Sedimentation may have a significant effect on the transport of solutes and environmental isotopes in sediment. The depth profiles of the Cl^?, δ²H and δ¹⁸O in a borehole in the aquifer–aquitard system in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, were obtained by centrifuging the core sediment samples. A one‐dimensional model based on the sedimentation and sea level changes of the PRD during the Holocene was built to investigate numerically the transport mechanisms of Cl^?, δ²H and δ¹⁸O. The sedimentation process was modelled as a moving boundary problem with the moving rate equal to the sedimentation rate. The model was calibrated and the parameters were obtained by comparing simulated and measured data. Very good agreement between all the three observed profiles and the simulated ones demonstrates the reliability of the model and the parameters. Simulation results show that the shapes of the curves are controlled by the combination of sedimentation and upper boundary conditions. Diffusion solely is adequate to reconstruct the observed profiles, which indicates that diffusion is the dominant vertical transport mechanism. The effective diffusion coefficients of the aquitard and the aquifer equal to 5.0 × 10^?11 and 2.0 × 10^?10 m²/s, respectively. The results of this study will help in understanding the transport mechanisms of solutes and environmental tracers in deltas with geology and hydrogeology similar to the PRD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A review of low‐cost space‐borne data for flood modelling: topography,flood extent and water level

During the last two decades, remote sensing data have led to tremendous progress in advancing flood inundation modelling. In particular, low‐cost space‐borne data can be invaluable for large‐scale flood studies in data‐scarce areas. Various satellite products yield valuable information such as land surface elevation, flood extent and water level, which could potentially contribute to various flood studies. An increasing number of research studies have been dedicated to exploring those low‐cost data towards building, calibration and evaluation, and remote‐sensed information assimilation into hydraulic models. This paper aims at reviewing these recent scientific efforts on the integration of low‐cost space‐borne remote sensing data with flood modelling. Potentials and limitations of those data in flood modelling are discussed. This paper also introduces the future satellite missions and anticipates their likely impacts in flood modelling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of rainfall on thermal stratification and dissolved oxygen in a deep drinking water reservoir

Thermal stratification is crucial for water quality and ecological processes in deep lakes and reservoirs and can be substantially affected by meteorological and hydrological processes in the catchment. However, how thermal stratification responds to rainfalls of different intensities and changing hydrological processes has not been documented very well. Here, high frequency water column profiles at three stations in a large subtropical deep reservoir (Lake Qiandaohu, China) in 2017 were used to elucidate the impacts of rainfall on lake physical process and chemical environment. The impact of rainfalls on the thermal stratification and dissolved oxygen in riverine zone was more impressive than that in transitional and lacustrine zones. The effect on thermal stratification by rainfall was largely affected by the magnitude of rainfall. Moderate and heavy rainfall events could reduce the thermal stability of water column, deepen the mixing layer depth, and shape the thermocline, resulting from decrease of surface water temperature and increased inflows. While rainstorms could totally break up thermoclines in the riverine zone by high volume inflow flushing. In addition, we found that the hypoxia and anoxia initial depths increased during rainfall events in this reservoir, which were well related to the changes of mixing layer depths. This research highlights that quantifying the effects of rainfalls on thermal stratification and dissolved oxygen will be beneficial for optimizing reservoir management.