Small SiC grains and a nitride grain of circumstellar origin from the Murchison meteorite: implications for stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis

We report the results of SIMS isotopic analyses of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and silicon made on 849 small (approximately 1 micrometer) individual silicon carbide grains from the Murchison meteorite. The isotopic compositions of the major elements carbon and silicon of most grains (mainstream) are similar to those observed in larger grain studies suggesting an AGB star origin of these grains. In contrast, the trace element nitrogen shows a clear dependency on grain size. 14N/15N ratios increase with decreasing grain size, suggesting different stellar sources for grains of different size. Typically observed 14N/15N ratios in the small grains of this study are approximately 2700, clearly larger than the values expected from model calculations of AGB stars. In addition to the three dredge-up episodes characteristic for the evolution of AGB stars, extra-mixing of CNO-processed matter in low mass AGB stars appears to be a promising possibility in order to explain the high 14N/15N ratios of the small circumstellar SiC grains. A small fraction of grains shows a silicon isotopic signature not observed in larger circumstellar SiC grains from Murchison. Their stellar origin is still uncertain. The minor type A, B, Y, and X grains were found to be present at a level of a percent, which is similar to their abundance in the larger-grain SiC separates from Murchison. Oxygen isotopic compositions are normal within the experimental uncertainties of several 10%, indicating that oxygen of stellar origin is rare or even absent in the SiC grains. We conclude that most of the oxygen is a contaminant which was introduced into the SiC grains after their formation, e.g., during sample processing in the laboratory. We identified a nitride grain, most likely Si3N4 with little carbon, with highly anomalous isotopic compositions (12C/13C = 157 +/- 33, 14N/15N = 18 +/- 1, delta 29 Si = -43 +/- 56%, delta 30 Si = -271 +/- 50%). The isotopic patterns of carbon, nitrogen, and silicon resemble those of the rare SiC X grains suggesting that these two rare constituents of circumstellar matter formed in the same type of stellar source, namely, Type II supernovae.     

苏北大陆科学钻探靶区岩石物理性质

对苏北地区主要岩石物性的调查结果发现,科学钻探的目标体榴辉岩有很大的密度,与其他围岩的密度差达0.9×103?kg/m3,具有重力勘探的物性基础;除角闪石化榴辉岩的弹性波速与围岩相近外,榴辉岩的弹性波速高于其他围岩,地震勘探在该区应是一种有效的勘探方法;就磁性而言,榴辉岩的磁性介于围岩磁性之间,与围岩磁性没有明显区别,但金红石矿化榴辉岩的磁性有明显差别,因此磁法勘探在该区受到岩石组成复杂性的限制.     

Interaction between inorganic nutrients and organic matter in controlling coral reef communities in Glovers Reef Belize

We studied the responses of algae, corals, and small fish to elevated inorganic fertilizer, organic matter, and their combination over a 49-day summer period in cages that simulated the coral reef in the remote Glovers reef atoll, Belize. The addition of organic matter reduced while fertilization had no effect on the numbers of herbivorous damsel and parrotfishes. All measures of algal biomass were influenced by fertilization. The combined inorganic and organic enrichment produced the highest algal biomass, which is most likely due to the combined effect of higher nutrients and lower herbivory. The cover of turf and total algae were influenced by all treatments and their interactions and most strongly and positively influenced by fertilization followed by organic matter and the combination of organic matter and inorganic fertilizer. The inorganic and combined treatments were both dominated by two turf algae, Enteromorpha prolifera and Digenia simplex, while the nonfertilized treatments were dominated by brown frondose algae Lobophora variegata, Padina sanctae, and Dictyota cervicornis. The organic matter treatment had greater cover of P. sanctae and D. cervicornis than the untreated control, which was dominated by Lobophora variegata, also the dominant algae on the nearby patch reefs. Crustose corallines grew slowly ( approximately 2.5 mm/49 days) and were not influenced by the treatments when grown on vertical surfaces but decreased on horizontal coral plates in the combined organic matter and fertilization treatment. No mortality occurred for the two coral species that were added to the cages. Porites furcata darkened in the fertilized cages while there was a mix of paling and darkening for a small amount of the coral tissue of Diploria labyrinthiformes. Inorganic fertilization stimulates small filamentous turf algae and Symbiodinium living in coral but inhibits brown frondose algae. Organic matter inhibits small herbivorous fish, L. variegata, and encrusting coralline algae when growing on horizontal surfaces.     

中国南北地震带磁性层构造特征

本文首先给出磁性层下界面反演的等效模型和其在球坐标系下变地磁倾角的二维反演方法,利用航磁资料研究了南北地震带的磁性层结构构造及其与地震活动性的关系为:1.磁性层南北两端厚,中间薄;2.下界面呈南北向的宽隆起带,北浅南深;3.磁性层所处的层位温压条件适于积累应力能量产生粘滑错动,地震多发生在磁性层内,往往位于磁性层由厚变薄的过渡处,并多伴有断裂、温泉、岩浆活动     

海洋沉积物热释光--潜在的天然气水合物找矿方法

概述了热释光的形成机理.从放射性方法探测油气藏的原理出发,提出了海洋沉积物热释光探测天然气水合物的可能性.对采自中国南海、东海的海底沉积物进行了有机烃、金属元素和热释光分析.结果表明,热释光与有机烃类呈正相关,天然气水合物形成和分解产生的碳酸钙、硫酸钙及硫酸钡沉淀是很好的热释光晶体,在矿物结晶过程中加入的微量金属元素对热释光起到调节作用.热释光不受有机污染的影响,灵敏度高,是很有前景的寻找天然气水合物的方法.     

毛北榴辉岩古地磁及岩石磁学初探

对中国大陆科学钻探孔区——江苏省东海县毛北地区的55块榴辉岩样品进行了古地磁研究,并从中抽样测试了等温剩磁、磁滞迴线、磁组构、热磁化率以及电子探针和镜下分析,结果表明,毛北榴辉岩有两组稳定的剩磁,即反向磁化和正向磁化,稳定剩磁方向分别为:D=94.3°,I=-29.1°和D=273.7°,I=15.4°,携带正向磁化与携带反向磁化样品的磁化强度和密度变化很大;毛北榴辉岩的磁各向异性度非常弱,最小轴方向很难确定;等温剩磁和磁滞迴线显示磁铁矿可能是毛北榴辉岩的主要载磁矿物,且在以Mr/Ms和Hcr/Hc的对数为纵、横坐标的图上落在视单畴(PSD)区域.根据磁性特征,对毛北榴辉岩的磁性载体成因、剩磁获得机制及构造意义进行了讨论.     

大地电磁法三维快速松弛反演

实现大地电磁法快速三维反演的关键在于找到快速计算灵敏度矩阵的方案. 本文在对大地电磁三维张量阻抗表达式进行深入分析的基础上，获得了三维快速松弛反演算法的灵敏度函数表达式，解决了三维快速松弛反演的核心问题；为了减小反演解的多解性，针对三维问题定义了最小构造函数，实现了求最小构造的三维快速松弛反演算法. 对二维棱柱体、三维棱柱体理论模型的大地电磁合成数据进行了反演试算，反演结果与理论模型相吻合. 对日本Kayabe地区实测资料进行了XY模式反演，反演得到的地电模型较好地反映了地热资源的分布. 反演试算结果表明大地电磁三维快速松弛反演具有计算速度快、结果稳定可靠等特点；使三维快速松弛反演在普通微机上得以实现.     

苏北大陆科学钻探靶区重磁异常反演解释

对江苏东海县毛北地区重、磁观测异常进行了处理和特征分析,并根据科学钻探主要目标体榴辉岩与其围岩有达0.9×103kg/m3的明显密度差,进行了等效密度反演成像与综合地震约束反演计算.给出了该地区重力异常模型,可作为综合地质与地球物理研究的一个基础.     

安徽省及其邻区航磁异常特征与地震活动性

本文首先对应用区域磁测资料进行地震蕴震层研究的可能性作了分析。以安徽省及其邻区为例,讨论了深部磁结构与地震活动性的关系。不同层次的磁异常特征,反映出本地区存在着东西向的隆坳块体和近南北向的窄长深坳陷带。前者为长期地质发展过程中形成的物性条带或边缘构造带;后者则为中新生代构造运动活跃的构造带,两者对本区的地震活动性有明显影响。