世界上最深的钻井

苏联“‘越深’钻探计划科学委员会”主席、新近被任命为地质部部长的Y·A哥兹洛伏斯基(Kozlovsky)教授首次披露了世界上最深钻孔的有关消息.第一口超深钻井位于苏联科技半岛以北靠近挪威边境的地区.钻采开始于1971年,计划钻深15000米,1982年已钻进11500米.第二口超深钻井位于第一口钻井以南的阿塞拜疆,自1977年开钻以来,已完成进尺8000米,计划钻深15000米.从哥兹洛伏斯基公布的首批详细资料中人们将会注意到下述事实:就象在地表浅处一样.混合岩岩基内的裂隙带和破碎带中存在着含矿溶液和天然气的循环流动,而尤其存在着硫化物的矿化富集.     

Benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of environmental deterioration in a large microtidal estuary

This study tested the hypothesis that, during recent years, the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of the large basin of the Swan-Canning Estuary has changed in ways consistent with deteriorating environmental conditions in that estuary. Between 1986/7 and 2003/4, the compositions of that fauna altered markedly at the species and even family levels. Thus, the densities and number of species of molluscs, and especially of crustaceans, which are particularly susceptible to environmental stress, declined, while those of the more tolerant polychaetes increased. However, taxonomic distinctness declined consistently only at one of the four widely-spaced sampling sites and the dispersion of samples did not differ markedly between periods, indicating that the benthic fauna has not undergone such extreme changes as in the nearby Peel-Harvey Estuary. It is thus proposed that benthic macroinvertebrates can act as important indicators of the severity of environmental degradation in microtidal estuaries in regions where such perturbations are increasing.     

金矿床中的有机物研究及其在找矿勘探中的应用

在金矿床的形成过程中,微生物可起到十分重要的作用。在含矿热液的作用下,岩石中的原生有机质可发生异常的熟化现象。有机质的一系列变化能精确地反映热液活动的特点。有机质成熟度的分布状态与矿体形态一致。这对矿床的找矿勘探工作有指导意义。     

广西田林高龙卡林型金矿床成矿物质来源的稀土元素示踪

广西田林高龙卡林型金矿床产于西林—百色断褶带西段西南侧的高龙穹隆核部附近,金矿体赋存于石炭系—二叠系碳酸盐岩与三叠系细碎屑岩的接触带上。金矿石中稀土元素总量的质量分数与矿区三叠系细碎屑岩的相近,前者为133.91×10-6,后者为133.22×10-6,二者的稀土元素配分曲线均呈平滑的右倾斜式,其中轻稀土元素段为向右倾斜的斜线,而重稀土元素段则为平坦的直线,说明二者的轻稀土元素分馏明显,重稀土元素分馏不明显;金矿石及三叠系细碎屑岩的稀土元素组成中La和Ce富集,Eu亏损。金矿石的稀土元素总量的质量分数及其组成与石炭系—二叠系碳酸盐岩、石英脉及粗晶黄铁矿的明显不同。这反映成矿物质的来源与三叠系地层有关。     

Numerical implementation of a backward probabilistic model of ground water contamination

Backward location and travel time probabilities can be used to characterize known and unknown sources or prior positions of ground water contamination. Backward location probability describes the position of the observed contamination at some time in the past; backward travel time probability describes the amount of time prior to observation that the contamination was released from its source or was at a particular upgradient location. The governing equation for backward probabilities is the adjoint of the governing equation for contaminant transport, but with new load terms. Numerical codes that have been written to solve the forward equations of contaminant transport, e.g., the advection-dispersion equation, can also be used to solve the adjoint equation for location and travel time probabilities; however, the interpretation of the results is different and some new approximations must be made for the load terms. We present the governing equations for backward location and travel time probabilities, and provide appropriate numerical approximations for these load terms using the cell-centered finite difference method, one of the most popular numerical methods in ground water hydrology. We discuss some additional numerical considerations for the backward model including boundary conditions, reversal of the flow field, and interpretation of the results. We illustrate the implementation of the backward probability model using hypothetical examples in one- and two-dimensional domains. We also present a three-dimensional application of a pump-and-treat remediation capture zone delineation at the Massachusetts Military Reservation. The illustrations are performed using MODFLOW-96 for flow simulations and MT3DMS for transport simulations.     

Effects of model sensitivity and nonlinearity on nonlinear regression of ground water flow

Nonlinear regression is increasingly applied to the calibration of hydrologic models through the use of perturbation methods to compute the Jacobian or sensitivity matrix required by the Gauss-Newton optimization method. Sensitivities obtained by perturbation methods can be less accurate than those obtained by direct differentiation, however, and concern has arisen that the optimal parameter values and the associated parameter covariance matrix computed by perturbation could also be less accurate. Sensitivities computed by both perturbation and direct differentiation were applied in nonlinear regression calibration of seven ground water flow models. The two methods gave virtually identical optimum parameter values and covariances for the three models that were relatively linear and two of the models that were relatively nonlinear, but gave widely differing results for two other nonlinear models. The perturbation method performed better than direct differentiation in some regressions with the nonlinear models, apparently because approximate sensitivities computed for an interval yielded better search directions than did more accurately computed sensitivities for a point. The method selected to avoid overshooting minima on the error surface when updating parameter values with the Gauss-Newton procedure appears for nonlinear models to be more important than the method of sensitivity calculation in controlling regression convergence.     

四川石棉田湾金矿床中原生型和迁移型有机质及其成矿意义

四川石棉田湾金矿床中含有原生型干酪根和迁移型有机流体,在成矿期间由于含矿热液的改造,原生有机质发生热降解,生成小分子有机化合物,构成容易迁移的有机流体。同时,地表下渗的大气降水携带了细菌类微生物,对原生有机质进行生物降解,并生成硫化氢类还原物质。当含矿热液与有机流体及硫化氢混合时,促使矿液中金络合物被破坏,导致自然金的沉淀富集。     

Nematode community dynamics over an annual production cycle in the central North Sea

Nematode species composition, trophic structure and body size distributions were followed over an annual production cycle in the central North Sea; to test responses to temporally changing food quality and quantity in the sediment. Changes in the phytoplankton concentration in the water column were quantitatively reflected in the concentration of chlorophyll a and breakdown products in the sediment, with higher concentrations in spring and autumn following blooms, and lower concentrations in summer and winter. The taxonomic and trophic structure of nematode communities differed significantly among stations over relatively short distances, potentially masking some of the temporal dynamics. Spatio-temporal differences in nematode species composition were linked to changes in the quality and quantity of organic material reaching the seabed, reflecting a species-specific response to the nutritional quality of sedimenting organic material and the biochemical changes in the sediment associated with its decomposition. The size distributions of selected nematode species indicated that most species bred continuously throughout the sampling period, although one species, the epigrowth feeder Spilophorella paradoxa, had periods of increased growth following the deposition of the spring phytoplankton bloom. There was no consistent temporal relationship between the trophic composition of nematode communities and spring chlorophyll a or carbon sedimentation, most likely a result of the trophic plasticity of most feeding types and the capacity of the community to use both freshly sedimented material as well as the subsequent breakdown products and refractory organic matter. Community metrics implied that there were small responses to the seasonal production cycle, but these belied strong responses of a few species with life histories that allowed them to track the availability of suitable food resources.     

新疆地质遗迹空间格局区划系统构建及其特征的定量表征

受地质条件和地理环境的影响和制约,新疆地质遗迹分布具有明显的空间分异特征。本文以影响地质遗迹空间格局的关键因素--深大断裂和大地构造单元为主要依据,首次建立了包括5个地质遗迹带、13个地质遗迹区和35个地质遗迹亚区的新疆地质遗迹三级区划系统,设计了地质遗迹的数量、级别、类型、保护开发条件等4类定量表征指标和8项具体指标因子,对新疆地质遗迹的空间格局特征进行全面刻画和定量表征,最终根据各项指标数值的优劣程度对二级区划单元进行分类,为基于地质遗迹资源与人地关系耦合的新疆地质遗迹保护开发布局研究奠定基础。结果表明,二级区划单元中北天山、西昆仑、南天山、北阿尔泰地质遗迹区为优异(Ⅰ级),吐哈、准中、塔东、东昆仑－阿尔金、中昆仑、塔西区为良好(Ⅱ级),南阿尔泰区为一般(Ⅲ级),准西、准东区为较差(Ⅳ级)。