Distribution of butyltins in the waters and sediments along the coast of India

Water and surface sediment samples were analyzed for butyltins (TBT, DBT, MBT) from various ports along the east and west coast of India. The total butyltin (TB) in water samples varied between ∼1.7 and 342 ng Sn l⁻¹, whereas for sediments it varied between below detection limit to 14861 ng Sn g⁻¹ dry weight of sediment. On an average Chennai port recorded the highest level of butyltins in the sediments while Paradip recorded the highest level of butylins in the waters. A fairly good relationship between the TB in the sediment and overlying water samples, as well as between organic carbon and TB, implicates the importance of adsorption/desorption process in controlling the levels of TBT in these port areas. In India the data on organotin pollution is very sparse; most of the port areas have been surveyed for butyltins for the first time during this study.     

Distribution, magnitude and characterization of the toxicity of Ukrainian estuarine sediments

During the Soviet era, Ukraine was an important industrial and agricultural region of the Soviet Union. This industrial and agricultural activity resulted in contamination of Ukraine’s estuaries with legacy anthropogenic pollutants. Investigations on the toxicological effects of this estuarine contamination have been limited. For this research, we measured the toxicity of contaminated sediments from four Ukrainian estuaries to several aquatic organisms over 3 years. Sediment chemical analyses and whole sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) were also performed to determine the classes of contaminants contributing to toxicity. Toxic sediments were observed in several of the Ukrainian estuaries and chemical analyses of the sediments demonstrated anthropogenic contaminants were widely distributed. Contaminants were also detected in macrobenthic organisms collected from the sediments. Several lines of evidence, including TIEs, indicated hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) were contributing substantially to observed toxicity. This information can guide environmental managers to prioritize portions of the estuaries requiring remediation.     

加拿大LITHOPROBE地震反射资料显示的大陆地壳结构变化性

岩石圈断面计划（ＬＩＴＨＯＰＲＯＢＥ）是加拿大全国性的多学科合作的地球物理项目，它的目的旨在提高对于北美板块演化的认识，研究范围内的横跨全国和不同地质年代的８个断面均是以地震反射波研究作为前提。这些研究成果与相关其它学科的研究相结合，给我们研究板块形成过程中不同地质构造是如何演化的提供了证据和思路。研究区的太古代Ｋａｐｕｓｋａｓｉｎｇ构造带，主要特征是斜切东西向的苏必利尔省构造带，被认为是位于一个重要的滑脱构造上的低角度推覆构造，沿着该构造带的５０～７０ｍ处发生了地壳缩短（挤压）作用，并且引起了一些地壳中部的岩石上升到地表，挤压作用以脆性断裂和在２０ｋｍ处的岩浆侵入作用及其下部地壳的韧性和流变构造作用而完成。位于Ｈｕｒｏｎ湖的ＧＬＩＭＰＣＥ断面的地震波特征是范围宽、向东倾斜、具地壳规模，该断面与Ｇｒｅｎｖｉｌｌｅ前构造单元的地震波相一致。两阶段模型包括地体在早元古代与克拉通地体边缘的碰撞，随后在中元古Ｇｒｅｎｖｉｌｌｉａｎ造山作用中发生了整个地壳的堆积和倾斜作用。在苏必利尔湖，ＧＩＬＩＭＰＣＥ数据表明，中元古代构造作用造成北美板块的分裂。岩石圈计划的东部断面横跨古生代新大陆阿巴拉契亚山脉，揭示了基于地震反射     

预测油田混相水气交替驱动动态的新方法

油田提高原油采收率法（ＥＯＲ）的动态预测一般采用粗化法,因为三维有限差分模拟花费的ＣＰＵ时间过长。现有的粗化技术要求用户规定井网单元后,绘制出用于单元中每组注入井－生产井的动态曲线。精确分配这些单元的确很困难,因为波及体积的实际形态和大小对油藏断层、油井产量变化和区域性水侵都很敏感。事实上,虽然实际波及区域不是输入参数,但可根据井产量变化和钻新井而改变的区域压力场确定。因此,使用现有的粗化方法主要     

陕西银硐子海底喷气沉积型银铅多金属矿床的主要成矿特征

通过对陕西银硐子沉积型银铅多金属矿床成矿的古构造、古地理环境以及矿床的含矿岩系的岩石、矿石、矿物成分、微量元素、稀土元素、铅同位素等地球化学特征的研究，并与国外某些海底喷气沉积铅锌矿床相比较，发现它们具有极为相似的地质、地球化学特征，表明该矿床是在正常海相沉积与海底喷气沉积相渗合而形成的，是具有较大经济价值的银铅铜锌贱金属－贵金属（特大型）综合矿床     

与细菌活动有关的成矿作用——两个欧洲铅锌矿床实例

法国布·玛和西班牙拉·弗矿床分别产于富含干酪根的白云岩和沥青的铁质白云岩中。正构烷、烷基环已烷、藿烷和甾烷等生物标志化合物研究揭示了成矿时发生过细菌活动。细菌在沉积－成岩早期发育于还原水体中，或在成岩期－成岩期后由大气降水自地表带来，其赖以生存的有机质既可以是生物聚合体（布·玛矿床），亦可以是地质聚合体（拉·弗矿床）。这些微生物在１００℃以下的温度条件下生存繁殖，使硫酸盐还原生成硫化氢，导致铅锌硫化物沉淀     

Episodic ocean-induced CO2 greenhouse on Mars: implications for fluvial valley formation

Pulses of CO2 injected into the martian atmosphere more recently than 4 Ga can place the atmosphere into a stable, higher pressure, warmer greenhouse state. One to two bar pulses of CO2 added to the atmosphere during the past several billion years are sufficient to raise global mean temperatures above 240 or 250 K for tens to hundreds of millions of years, even when accounting for CO2 condensation. Over time, the added CO2 is lost to carbonates, the atmosphere collapses and returns to its buffered state. A substantial amount of water could be transported during the greenhouse periods from the surface of a frozen body of water created by outflow channel discharges to higher elevations, despite global temperatures well below freezing. This water, precipitated as snow, could ultimately form fluvial valleys if deposition sites are associated with localized heat sources, such as magmatic intrusions or volcanoes. Thus, if outflow channel discharges were accompanied by the release of sufficient quantities of CO2, a limited hydrological cycle could have resulted that would have been capable of producing geomorphic change sufficient for fluvial erosion and valley formation. Glacial or periglacial landforms would also be a consequence of such a mechanism.